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pwndbg/2025.10.20/contributing/writing-tests/index.html

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<!doctype html><html lang=en class=no-js> <head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=description content="pwndbg (/paʊnˈdiˌbʌɡ/) is a GDB plug-in that makes debugging with GDB suck less, with a focus on features needed by low-level software developers, hardware hackers, reverse-engineers and exploit developers."><link href=https://pwndbg.re/stable/contributing/writing-tests/ rel=canonical><link href=../dev-notes/ rel=prev><link href=../adding-a-command/ rel=next><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml title="RSS feed" href=../../feed_rss_created.xml><link rel=alternate type=application/rss+xml title="RSS feed of updated content" href=../../feed_rss_updated.xml><link rel=icon href=../../assets/favicon.ico><meta name=generator content="mkdocs-1.6.1, mkdocs-material-9.6.19"><title>Writing Tests - Documentation</title><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/main.7e37652d.min.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/stylesheets/palette.06af60db.min.css><link rel=preconnect href=https://fonts.gstatic.com crossorigin><link rel=stylesheet href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:300,300i,400,400i,700,700i%7CRoboto+Mono:400,400i,700,700i&display=fallback"><style>:root{--md-text-font:"Roboto";--md-code-font:"Roboto Mono"}</style><link rel=stylesheet href=../../assets/_mkdocstrings.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../stylesheets/extra.css><link rel=stylesheet href=../../stylesheets/mkdocstrings.css><script>__md_scope=new URL("../..",location),__md_hash=e=>[...e].reduce(((e,_)=>(e<<5)-e+_.charCodeAt(0)),0),__md_get=(e,_=localStorage,t=__md_scope)=>JSON.parse(_.getItem(t.pathname+"."+e)),__md_set=(e,_,t=localStorage,a=__md_scope)=>{try{t.setItem(a.pathname+"."+e,JSON.stringify(_))}catch(e){}}</script></head> <body dir=ltr data-md-color-scheme=slate data-md-color-primary=black data-md-color-accent=purple> <input class=md-toggle data-md-toggle=drawer type=checkbox id=__drawer autocomplete=off> <input class=md-toggle data-md-toggle=search type=checkbox id=__search autocomplete=off> <label class=md-overlay for=__drawer></label> <div data-md-component=skip> <a href=#writing-tests class=md-skip> Skip to content </a> </div> <div data-md-component=announce> </div> <div data-md-color-scheme=default data-md-component=outdated hidden> </div> <header class=md-header data-md-component=header> <nav class="md-header__inner md-grid" aria-label=Header> <a href=../.. title=Documentation class="md-header__button md-logo" aria-label=Documentation data-md-component=logo> <img src=../../assets/logo.png alt=logo> </a> <label class="md-header__button md-icon" for=__drawer> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 6h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3zm0 5h18v2H3z"/></svg> </label> <div class=md-header__title data-md-component=header-title> <div class=md-header__ellipsis> <div class=md-header__topic> <span class=md-ellipsis> Documentation </span> </div> <div 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51.5c27.1-9.1 52.7 16.8 43.4 43.7l49.7 49.7c34.2-11.8 61.2 31 35.5 56.7-26.5 26.5-70.2-2.9-56-37.3L240.3 199v121.9c25.3 12.5 22.3 41.8 9.1 55-6.4 6.4-15.2 10.1-24.3 10.1s-17.8-3.6-24.3-10.1c-17.6-17.6-11.1-46.9 11.2-56v-123c-20.8-8.5-24.6-30.7-18.6-45L142.6 101 8.5 235.1C3 240.6 0 247.9 0 255.5s3 15 8.5 20.4l195.6 195.7c5.4 5.4 12.7 8.4 20.4 8.4s15-3 20.4-8.4l194.7-194.7c5.4-5.4 8.4-12.8 8.4-20.4s-3-15-8.4-20.4"/></svg> </div> <div class=md-source__repository> pwndbg/pwndbg </div> </a> </div> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../.. class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Home </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../setup/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Setup </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../features/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Features </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../commands/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> Commands </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_4 id=__nav_4_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Commands </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_2> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_2 id=__nav_4_2_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Breakpoint </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_2_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Breakpoint </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/breakpoint/break-if-not-taken/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Break if not taken </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/breakpoint/break-if-taken/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Break if taken </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/breakpoint/breakrva/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Breakrva </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/breakpoint/ignore/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ignore </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_3> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_3 id=__nav_4_3_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Context </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_3_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_3> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Context </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/context/context/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Context </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/context/contextnext/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Contextnext </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/context/contextoutput/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Contextoutput </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/context/contextprev/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Contextprev </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/context/contextsearch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Contextsearch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/context/contextunwatch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Contextunwatch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/context/contextwatch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Contextwatch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/context/regs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Regs </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_4> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_4 id=__nav_4_4_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Darwin libsystem mach o </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_4_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_4> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Darwin libsystem mach o </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/darwin_libsystem_mach-o/commpage/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Commpage </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_5> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_5 id=__nav_4_5_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Developer </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_5_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_5> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Developer </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/developer/dev-dump-instruction/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dev dump instruction </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/developer/log-level/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Log level </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_6> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_6 id=__nav_4_6_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Disassemble </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_6_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_6> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Disassemble </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/disassemble/emulate/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Emulate </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/disassemble/nearpc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Nearpc </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_7> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_7 id=__nav_4_7_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Glibc ptmalloc2 heap </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_7_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_7> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Glibc ptmalloc2 heap </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/arena/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arena </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/arenas/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arenas </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/bins/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bins </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/fastbins/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Fastbins </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/find-fake-fast/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Find fake fast </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/heap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Heap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/hi/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Hi </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/largebins/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Largebins </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/malloc-chunk/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Malloc chunk </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/mp/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/smallbins/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Smallbins </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/tcache/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tcache </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/tcachebins/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tcachebins </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/top-chunk/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Top chunk </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/try-free/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Try free </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/unsortedbin/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Unsortedbin </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/vis-heap-chunks/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Vis heap chunks </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_8> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_8 id=__nav_4_8_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Integrations </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_8_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_8> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Integrations </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/integrations/ai/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ai </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/integrations/bn-sync/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bn sync </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/integrations/decomp/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Decomp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/integrations/j/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> J </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/integrations/r2/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> R2 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/integrations/r2pipe/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> R2pipe </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/integrations/rop/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Rop </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/integrations/ropper/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ropper </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/integrations/rz/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Rz </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/integrations/rzpipe/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Rzpipe </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/integrations/save-ida/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Save ida </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_9> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_9 id=__nav_4_9_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Jemalloc heap </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_9_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_9> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Jemalloc heap </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/jemalloc_heap/jemalloc-extent-info/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Jemalloc extent info </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/jemalloc_heap/jemalloc-find-extent/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Jemalloc find extent </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/jemalloc_heap/jemalloc-heap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Jemalloc heap </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_10> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_10 id=__nav_4_10_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kernel </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_10_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_10> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Kernel </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/binder/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Binder </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/buddydump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Buddydump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/kbase/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kbase </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/kbpf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kbpf </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/kchecksec/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kchecksec </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/kcmdline/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kcmdline </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/kconfig/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kconfig </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/kdmabuf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kdmabuf </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/kdmesg/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kdmesg </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/klookup/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Klookup </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/kmod/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kmod </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/knft-dump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Knft dump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/knft-list-chains/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Knft list chains </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/knft-list-exprs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Knft list exprs </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/knft-list-flowtables/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Knft list flowtables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/knft-list-objects/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Knft list objects </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/knft-list-rules/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Knft list rules </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/knft-list-sets/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Knft list sets </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/knft-list-tables/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Knft list tables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/ksyscalls/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ksyscalls </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/ktask/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ktask </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/kversion/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kversion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/msr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Msr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/p2v/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> P2v </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/pageinfo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pageinfo </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/pagewalk/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pagewalk </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/slab/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Slab </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/kernel/v2p/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> V2p </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_11> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_11 id=__nav_4_11_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Linux libc elf </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_11_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_11> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Linux libc elf </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/argc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Argc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/argv/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Argv </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/aslr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Aslr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/auxv/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Auxv </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/auxv-explore/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Auxv explore </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/elfsections/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Elfsections </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/envp/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Envp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/errno/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Errno </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/got/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Got </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/gotplt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Gotplt </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/libcinfo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Libcinfo </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/linkmap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Linkmap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/onegadget/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Onegadget </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/parse-seccomp/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parse seccomp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/piebase/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Piebase </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/plt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Plt </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/strings/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Strings </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/threads/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Threads </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/tls/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tls </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/track-got/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Track got </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/linux_libc_elf/track-heap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Track heap </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_12> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_12 id=__nav_4_12_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Memory </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_12_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_12> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Memory </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/distance/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Distance </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/dump-register-frame/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dump register frame </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/gdt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Gdt </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/go-dump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Go dump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/go-type/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Go type </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/hexdump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Hexdump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/leakfind/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Leakfind </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/memfrob/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Memfrob </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/mmap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mmap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/mprotect/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mprotect </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/p2p/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> P2p </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/probeleak/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Probeleak </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/search/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Search </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/telescope/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Telescope </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/vmmap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Vmmap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/vmmap-add/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Vmmap add </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/vmmap-clear/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Vmmap clear </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/vmmap-explore/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Vmmap explore </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/xinfo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Xinfo </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/memory/xor/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Xor </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_13> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_13 id=__nav_4_13_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Misc </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_13_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_13> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Misc </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/asm/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Asm </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/checksec/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Checksec </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/comm/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Comm </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/cyclic/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Cyclic </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/cymbol/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Cymbol </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/down/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Down </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/dt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dt </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/dumpargs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dumpargs </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/getfile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Getfile </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/hex2ptr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Hex2ptr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/hijack-fd/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Hijack fd </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/ipi/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ipi </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/patch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Patch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/patch-list/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Patch list </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/patch-revert/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Patch revert </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/plist/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Plist </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/sigreturn/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Sigreturn </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/spray/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Spray </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/tips/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tips </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/up/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Up </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/valist/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Valist </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/misc/vmmap-load/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Vmmap load </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_14> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_14 id=__nav_4_14_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Musl </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_14_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_14> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Musl </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/musl/mallocng-dump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng dump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/musl/mallocng-explain/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng explain </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/musl/mallocng-find/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng find </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/musl/mallocng-group/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng group </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/musl/mallocng-malloc-context/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng malloc context </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/musl/mallocng-meta/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng meta </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/musl/mallocng-meta-area/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng meta area </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/musl/mallocng-slot-start/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng slot start </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/musl/mallocng-slot-user/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng slot user </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/musl/mallocng-visualize-slots/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng visualize slots </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_15> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_15 id=__nav_4_15_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Process </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_15_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_15> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Process </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/process/killthreads/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Killthreads </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/process/pid/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pid </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/process/procinfo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Procinfo </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_16> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_16 id=__nav_4_16_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pwndbg </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_16_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_16> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Pwndbg </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/pwndbg/bugreport/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bugreport </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/pwndbg/config/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Config </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/pwndbg/configfile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Configfile </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/pwndbg/heap-config/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Heap config </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/pwndbg/memoize/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Memoize </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/pwndbg/profiler/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Profiler </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/pwndbg/pwndbg/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pwndbg </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/pwndbg/reinit-pwndbg/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Reinit pwndbg </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/pwndbg/reload/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Reload </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/pwndbg/theme/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Theme </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/pwndbg/themefile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Themefile </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/pwndbg/version/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Version </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_17> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_17 id=__nav_4_17_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Register </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_17_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_17> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Register </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/register/cpsr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Cpsr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/register/fsbase/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Fsbase </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/register/gsbase/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Gsbase </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/register/setflag/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Setflag </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_18> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_18 id=__nav_4_18_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Stack </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_18_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_18> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Stack </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/stack/canary/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Canary </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/stack/retaddr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Retaddr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/stack/stack/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Stack </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/stack/stack-explore/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Stack explore </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/stack/stackf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Stackf </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_19> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_19 id=__nav_4_19_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Start </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_19_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_19> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Start </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/start/attachp/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Attachp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/start/entry/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Entry </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/start/sstart/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Sstart </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/start/start/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Start </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_20> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_20 id=__nav_4_20_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Step next continue </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_20_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_20> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Step next continue </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/step_next_continue/nextcall/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Nextcall </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/step_next_continue/nextjmp/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Nextjmp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/step_next_continue/nextproginstr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Nextproginstr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/step_next_continue/nextret/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Nextret </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/step_next_continue/nextsyscall/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Nextsyscall </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/step_next_continue/stepover/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Stepover </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/step_next_continue/stepret/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Stepret </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/step_next_continue/stepsyscall/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Stepsyscall </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/step_next_continue/stepuntilasm/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Stepuntilasm </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/step_next_continue/xuntil/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Xuntil </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_21> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_21 id=__nav_4_21_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Windbg </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_21_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_21> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Windbg </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/bc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/bd/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bd </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/be/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Be </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/bl/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bl </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/bp/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/da/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Da </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/db/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Db </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/dc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/dd/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dd </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/dds/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dds </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/dq/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dq </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/ds/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ds </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/dw/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dw </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/eb/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Eb </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/ed/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ed </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/eq/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Eq </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/ew/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ew </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/ez/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ez </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/eza/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Eza </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/go/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Go </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/k/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> K </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/ln/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ln </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/pc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../commands/windbg/peb/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Peb </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_5> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../functions/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> Functions </span> </a> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_5_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_5> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Functions </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_6> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../configuration/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> Configuration </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_6 id=__nav_6_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_6_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_6> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Configuration </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../configuration/config/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Config </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../configuration/heap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Heap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../configuration/theme/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Theme </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_7 checked> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> Contributing </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_7 id=__nav_7_label tabindex> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_7_label aria-expanded=true> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_7> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Contributing </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../setup-pwndbg-dev/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Setup Pwndbg for Development </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../dev-notes/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Developer Notes </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle" type=checkbox id=__toc> <label class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active" for=__toc> <span class=md-ellipsis> Writing Tests </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <a href=./ class="md-nav__link md-nav__link--active"> <span class=md-ellipsis> Writing Tests </span> </a> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#overview class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#writing-tests_1 class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Writing tests </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#qemu-tests class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> QEMU Tests </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../adding-a-command/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Adding a Command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../adding-a-parameter/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Adding a Configuration Option </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../improving-annotations/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Improving Annotations </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../making-a-gif/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Making a Pwndbg gif </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_8> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_8 id=__nav_8_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tutorials </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_8_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_8> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Tutorials </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../tutorials/env-vars/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Env vars </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../tutorials/gdb-lldb-commands/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> GDB vs LLDB </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../tutorials/gdb-tui/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> GDB TUI </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../tutorials/go-debugging/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Debugging Go with Pwndbg </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../tutorials/packaging/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Packaging Pwndbg </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../tutorials/pwndbg-users/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pwndbg in the wild </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../tutorials/pycharm-debugging/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Debugging with PyCharm </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../tutorials/splitting-the-context/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Splitting / Layouting Context </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_8_9> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_8_9 id=__nav_8_9_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Decompiler integration </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_8_9_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_8_9> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Decompiler integration </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../tutorials/decompiler-integration/binja-integration/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Binary Ninja </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../tutorials/decompiler-integration/ghidra-integration/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ghidra </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../tutorials/decompiler-integration/ida-integration/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> IDA </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9 id=__nav_9_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Reference </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Reference </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> pwndbg </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1 id=__nav_9_1_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> pwndbg </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/arguments/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> arguments </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/auxv/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> auxv </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/chain/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> chain </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/decorators/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> decorators </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/enhance/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> enhance </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/exception/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> exception </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/ghidra/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ghidra </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/glibc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> glibc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/hexdump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> hexdump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/log/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> log </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/profiling/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> profiling </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/radare2/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> radare2 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/rizin/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> rizin </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/search/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> search </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/ui/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ui </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_17> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> aglib </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_17 id=__nav_9_1_17_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=3 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_17_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_17> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> aglib </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/arch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> arch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/argv/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> argv </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/asm/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> asm </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/commpage/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> commpage </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/ctypes/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ctypes </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/dt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> dt </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/dynamic/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> dynamic </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/elf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> elf </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/file/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> file </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/godbg/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> godbg </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/macho/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> macho </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/memory/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> memory </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/nearpc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> nearpc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/next/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> next </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/objc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> objc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/onegadget/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> onegadget </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/proc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> proc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/qemu/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> qemu </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/regs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> regs </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/remote/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> remote </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/saved_register_frames/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> saved_register_frames </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/shellcode/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> shellcode </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/stack/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> stack </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/strings/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> strings </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/symbol/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> symbol </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/tls/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> tls </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/typeinfo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> typeinfo </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/vmmap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> vmmap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/vmmap_custom/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> vmmap_custom </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_17_31> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> disasm </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_17_31 id=__nav_9_1_17_31_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=4 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_17_31_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_17_31> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> disasm </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/aarch64/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> aarch64 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/arch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> arch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/arm/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> arm </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/disassembly/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> disassembly </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/instruction/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> instruction </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/loongarch64/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> loongarch64 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/mips/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> mips </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/ppc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ppc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/riscv/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> riscv </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/sparc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> sparc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/x86/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> x86 </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_17_32> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/heap/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> heap </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_17_32 id=__nav_9_1_17_32_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=4 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_17_32_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_17_32> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> heap </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/heap/heap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> heap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/heap/jemalloc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> jemalloc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/heap/mallocng/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> mallocng </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/heap/ptmalloc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ptmalloc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/heap/structs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> structs </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_17_33> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> kernel </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_17_33 id=__nav_9_1_17_33_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=4 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_17_33_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_17_33> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> kernel </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/bpf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> bpf </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/buddydump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> buddydump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/dmabuf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> dmabuf </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/kallsyms/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kallsyms </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/kmod/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kmod </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/macros/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> macros </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/nftables/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> nftables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/paging/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> paging </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/rbtree/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> rbtree </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/slab/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> slab </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/symbol/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> symbol </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/vmmap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> vmmap </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_18> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/color/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> color </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_18 id=__nav_9_1_18_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=3 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_18_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_18> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> color </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/color/context/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> context </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/color/disasm/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> disasm </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/color/enhance/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> enhance </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/color/hexdump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> hexdump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/color/memory/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> memory </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/color/message/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> message </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/color/syntax_highlight/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> syntax_highlight </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/color/telescope/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> telescope </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/color/theme/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> theme </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_19> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> commands </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_19 id=__nav_9_1_19_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=3 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_19_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_19> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> commands </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ai/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ai </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/argv/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> argv </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/aslr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> aslr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/asm/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> asm </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/attachp/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> attachp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/auxv/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> auxv </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/binder/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> binder </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/binja/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> binja </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/binja_functions/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> binja_functions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/branch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> branch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/buddydump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> buddydump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/canary/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> canary </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/checksec/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> checksec </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/comments/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> comments </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/commpage/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> commpage </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/config/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> config </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/context/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> context </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/cpsr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> cpsr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/cyclic/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> cyclic </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/cymbol/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> cymbol </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/dev/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> dev </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/distance/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> distance </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/dt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> dt </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/dumpargs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> dumpargs </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/elf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> elf </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/flags/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> flags </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/gdt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> gdt </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ghidra/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ghidra </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/godbg/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> godbg </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/got/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> got </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/got_tracking/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> got_tracking </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/hex2ptr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> hex2ptr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/hexdump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> hexdump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/hijack_fd/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> hijack_fd </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ida/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ida </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ignore/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ignore </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/integration/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> integration </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ipython_interactive/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ipython_interactive </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/jemalloc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> jemalloc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/kbase/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kbase </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/kbpf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kbpf </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/kchecksec/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kchecksec </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/kcmdline/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kcmdline </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/kconfig/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kconfig </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/kdmabuf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kdmabuf </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/kdmesg/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kdmesg </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/killthreads/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> killthreads </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/klookup/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> klookup </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/kmod/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kmod </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/knft/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> knft </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ksyscalls/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ksyscalls </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ktask/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ktask </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/kversion/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kversion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/leakfind/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> leakfind </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/libcinfo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> libcinfo </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/linkmap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> linkmap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/mallocng/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> mallocng </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/memoize/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> memoize </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/misc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> misc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/mmap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> mmap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/mprotect/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> mprotect </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/msr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> msr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/nearpc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> nearpc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/next/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> next </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/onegadget/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> onegadget </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/p2p/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> p2p </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/paging/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> paging </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/parse_seccomp/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> parse_seccomp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/patch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> patch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/peda/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> peda </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/pie/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> pie </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/plist/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> plist </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/probeleak/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> probeleak </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/procinfo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> procinfo </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/profiler/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> profiler </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ptmalloc2/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ptmalloc2 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ptmalloc2_tracking/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ptmalloc2_tracking </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/radare2/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> radare2 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/reload/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> reload </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/retaddr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> retaddr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/rizin/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> rizin </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/rop/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> rop </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ropper/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ropper </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/saved_register_frames/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> saved_register_frames </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/search/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> search </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/segments/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> segments </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/sigreturn/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> sigreturn </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/slab/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> slab </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/spray/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> spray </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/start/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> start </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/strings/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> strings </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/telescope/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> telescope </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/tips/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> tips </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/tls/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> tls </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/valist/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> valist </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/version/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> version </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/vmmap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> vmmap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/windbg/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> windbg </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/xinfo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> xinfo </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/commands/xor/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> xor </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_20> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> dbg </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_20 id=__nav_9_1_20_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=3 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_20_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_20> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> dbg </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_20_2> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/gdb/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> gdb </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_20_2 id=__nav_9_1_20_2_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=4 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_20_2_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_20_2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> gdb </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/gdb/debug_sym/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> debug_sym </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/gdb/symbol/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> symbol </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_20_3> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/lldb/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> lldb </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_20_3 id=__nav_9_1_20_3_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=4 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_20_3_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_20_3> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> lldb </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/lldb/hooks/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> hooks </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/lldb/pset/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> pset </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/lldb/util/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> util </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_20_3_5> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/lldb/repl/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> repl </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_20_3_5 id=__nav_9_1_20_3_5_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=5 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_20_3_5_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_20_3_5> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> repl </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/lldb/repl/fuzzy/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> fuzzy </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/lldb/repl/io/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> io </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/lldb/repl/proc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> proc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/lldb/repl/readline/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> readline </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_21> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/emu/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> emu </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_21 id=__nav_9_1_21_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=3 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_21_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_21> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> emu </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/emu/emulator/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> emulator </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_22> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> gdblib </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_22 id=__nav_9_1_22_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=3 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_22_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_22> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> gdblib </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/bpoint/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> bpoint </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/config/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> config </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/events/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> events </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/functions/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> functions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/got/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> got </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/hooks/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> hooks </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/info/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> info </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/prompt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> prompt </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/ptmalloc2_tracking/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ptmalloc2_tracking </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/scheduler/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> scheduler </span> </a> </li> <li 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href=../../blog/archive/2022/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> 2022 </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component=sidebar data-md-type=toc> <div class=md-sidebar__scrollwrap> <div class=md-sidebar__inner> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#overview class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#writing-tests_1 class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Writing tests </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#qemu-tests class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> QEMU Tests </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class=md-content data-md-component=content> <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset"> <h1 id=writing-tests>Writing Tests<a class=headerlink href=#writing-tests title="Permanent link">¤</a></h1> <h2 id=overview>Overview<a class=headerlink href=#overview title="Permanent link">¤</a></h2> <div class="admonition note"> <p class=admonition-title>Note</p> <p>This is written under the assumption you already know how to <a href=../#running-tests>run the tests</a>.</p> </div> <p>In Pwndbg we have four types of tests: extensive x86_64 GDB tests, cross-architecture tests, linux kernel tests and unit-tests. They are all located in subdirectories of <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/tree/dev/tests><code>./tests</code></a>.</p> <p>The x86_64 tests encompass most of the Pwndbg testing suite. If your tests do not belong in any of the other categories, they should go here. Since we do not yet perform testing on LLDB, these are run from inside GDB and are located in the <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/tree/dev/tests/library/gdb/ ><code>./tests/library/gdb</code></a> directory. They can be run with <code>./tests.sh -d gdb -g gdb</code>.</p> <p>The cross-architecture tests are run using qemu-user emulation. They test architecture-specific logic and are located in the <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/tree/dev/tests/library/qemu-user><code>./tests/library/qemu-user</code></a> directory. They can be run with <code>./tests.sh -d gdb -g cross-arch-user</code>.</p> <p>The linux kernel tests are run using qemu-system emulation. They are located in the <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/tree/dev/tests/library/qemu-system><code>./tests/library/qemu_system</code></a> directory and run for a variety kernel configurations and architectures.</p> <p>The unit tests are not run from within a debugger, but rather directly with pytest. They are located in the <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/tree/dev/tests/unit-tests><code>./tests/unit_tests/</code></a> directory.</p> <p>Here are the options supported by <code>./tests.sh</code> which you can get by running <code>./tests.sh -h</code>. <div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-0-1><a id=__codelineno-0-1 name=__codelineno-0-1 href=#__codelineno-0-1></a>usage: tests.py [-h] -g {gdb,dbg,cross-arch-user} -d {gdb} [-p] [-c] [-v] [-s] [--nix] [--collect-only] [test_name_filter]
</span><span id=__span-0-2><a id=__codelineno-0-2 name=__codelineno-0-2 href=#__codelineno-0-2></a>
</span><span id=__span-0-3><a id=__codelineno-0-3 name=__codelineno-0-3 href=#__codelineno-0-3></a>Run tests.
</span><span id=__span-0-4><a id=__codelineno-0-4 name=__codelineno-0-4 href=#__codelineno-0-4></a>
</span><span id=__span-0-5><a id=__codelineno-0-5 name=__codelineno-0-5 href=#__codelineno-0-5></a>positional arguments:
</span><span id=__span-0-6><a id=__codelineno-0-6 name=__codelineno-0-6 href=#__codelineno-0-6></a> test_name_filter run only tests that match the regex
</span><span id=__span-0-7><a id=__codelineno-0-7 name=__codelineno-0-7 href=#__codelineno-0-7></a>
</span><span id=__span-0-8><a id=__codelineno-0-8 name=__codelineno-0-8 href=#__codelineno-0-8></a>options:
</span><span id=__span-0-9><a id=__codelineno-0-9 name=__codelineno-0-9 href=#__codelineno-0-9></a> -h, --help show this help message and exit
</span><span id=__span-0-10><a id=__codelineno-0-10 name=__codelineno-0-10 href=#__codelineno-0-10></a> -g {gdb,dbg,cross-arch-user}, --group {gdb,dbg,cross-arch-user}
</span><span id=__span-0-11><a id=__codelineno-0-11 name=__codelineno-0-11 href=#__codelineno-0-11></a> -d {gdb}, --driver {gdb}
</span><span id=__span-0-12><a id=__codelineno-0-12 name=__codelineno-0-12 href=#__codelineno-0-12></a> -p, --pdb enable pdb (Python debugger) post mortem debugger on failed tests
</span><span id=__span-0-13><a id=__codelineno-0-13 name=__codelineno-0-13 href=#__codelineno-0-13></a> -c, --cov enable codecov
</span><span id=__span-0-14><a id=__codelineno-0-14 name=__codelineno-0-14 href=#__codelineno-0-14></a> -v, --verbose display all test output instead of just failing test output
</span><span id=__span-0-15><a id=__codelineno-0-15 name=__codelineno-0-15 href=#__codelineno-0-15></a> -s, --serial run tests one at a time instead of in parallel
</span><span id=__span-0-16><a id=__codelineno-0-16 name=__codelineno-0-16 href=#__codelineno-0-16></a> --nix run tests using built for nix environment
</span><span id=__span-0-17><a id=__codelineno-0-17 name=__codelineno-0-17 href=#__codelineno-0-17></a> --collect-only only show the output of test collection, don&#39;t run any tests
</span></code></pre></div></p> <h2 id=writing-tests_1>Writing tests<a class=headerlink href=#writing-tests_1 title="Permanent link">¤</a></h2> <p>Each test is a Python function that runs inside of an isolated GDB session. Using a <a href=https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/ ><code>pytest</code></a> fixture at the beginning of each test, GDB will attach to a <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/tree/dev/tests/library/gdb/conftest.py><code>binary</code></a> or connect to a <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/tree/dev/tests/library/qemu-user/conftest.py><code>QEMU instance</code></a>. Each test runs some commands and uses Python <code>assert</code> statements to verify correctness. We can access Pwndbg library code like <code>pwndbg.aglib.regs.rsp</code> as well as execute GDB commands with <code>gdb.execute()</code>.</p> <p>We can take a look at <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/tree/dev/tests/library/gdb/tests/test_symbol.py><code>tests/library/gdb/tests/test_symbol.py</code></a> for an example of a simple test. Looking at a simplified version of the top-level code, we have this:</p> <div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-1-1><a id=__codelineno-1-1 name=__codelineno-1-1 href=#__codelineno-1-1></a><span class=kn>import</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>gdb</span>
</span><span id=__span-1-2><a id=__codelineno-1-2 name=__codelineno-1-2 href=#__codelineno-1-2></a><span class=kn>import</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>pwndbg</span>
</span><span id=__span-1-3><a id=__codelineno-1-3 name=__codelineno-1-3 href=#__codelineno-1-3></a><span class=kn>import</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nn>tests</span>
</span><span id=__span-1-4><a id=__codelineno-1-4 name=__codelineno-1-4 href=#__codelineno-1-4></a>
</span><span id=__span-1-5><a id=__codelineno-1-5 name=__codelineno-1-5 href=#__codelineno-1-5></a><span class=n>BINARY</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=n>tests</span><span class=o>.</span><span class=n>get_binary</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s2>&quot;symbol_1600_and_752.out&quot;</span><span class=p>)</span>
</span></code></pre></div> <p>Since these tests run inside GDB, we can import the <code>gdb</code> Python library. We also import the <code>tests</code> module, which makes it easy to get the path to the test binaries located in <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/tree/dev/tests/gdb-tests/tests/binaries><code>tests/gdb-tests/tests/binaries</code></a>. You should be able to reuse the binaries in this folder for most tests, but if not feel free to add a new one.</p> <p>Here's a small snippet of the actual test:</p> <div class="language-python highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-2-1><a id=__codelineno-2-1 name=__codelineno-2-1 href=#__codelineno-2-1></a><span class=k>def</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nf>test_hexdump</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>start_binary</span><span class=p>):</span>
</span><span id=__span-2-2><a id=__codelineno-2-2 name=__codelineno-2-2 href=#__codelineno-2-2></a> <span class=n>start_binary</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>BINARY</span><span class=p>)</span>
</span><span id=__span-2-3><a id=__codelineno-2-3 name=__codelineno-2-3 href=#__codelineno-2-3></a> <span class=n>pwndbg</span><span class=o>.</span><span class=n>config</span><span class=o>.</span><span class=n>hexdump_group_width</span><span class=o>.</span><span class=n>value</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=o>-</span><span class=mi>1</span>
</span><span id=__span-2-4><a id=__codelineno-2-4 name=__codelineno-2-4 href=#__codelineno-2-4></a>
</span><span id=__span-2-5><a id=__codelineno-2-5 name=__codelineno-2-5 href=#__codelineno-2-5></a> <span class=n>gdb</span><span class=o>.</span><span class=n>execute</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s2>&quot;set hexdump-byte-separator&quot;</span><span class=p>)</span>
</span><span id=__span-2-6><a id=__codelineno-2-6 name=__codelineno-2-6 href=#__codelineno-2-6></a> <span class=n>stack_addr</span> <span class=o>=</span> <span class=n>pwndbg</span><span class=o>.</span><span class=n>aglib</span><span class=o>.</span><span class=n>regs</span><span class=o>.</span><span class=n>rsp</span> <span class=o>-</span> <span class=mh>0x100</span>
</span></code></pre></div> <p><code>pytest</code> will run any function that starts with <code>test_</code> as a new test, so there is no need to register your new test anywhere. The <code>start_binary</code> argument is a function that will run the binary you give it, and it will set some common options before starting the binary. Using <code>start_binary</code> is recommended if you don't need any additional customization to GDB settings before starting the binary, but if you do it's fine to not use it.</p> <h2 id=qemu-tests>QEMU Tests<a class=headerlink href=#qemu-tests title="Permanent link">¤</a></h2> <p>Our <code>gdb</code> tests run in x86. To debug other architectures, we use QEMU for emulation and attach to its debug port. These tests are located in <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/tree/dev/tests/library/qemu-user/tests><code>tests/library/qemu-user/tests</code></a>. Test creation is identical to our x86 tests - create a Python function with a Pytest fixture name as the parameter (it matches based on the name), and call the argument to start debugging a binary. The <code>qemu_assembly_run</code> fixture takes in a Python string of assembly code, compiles it in the appropriate architecture, and runs it - no need to create an external file or edit a Makefile.</p> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> Made with <a href=https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/ target=_blank rel=noopener> Material for MkDocs </a> </div> <div class=md-social> <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg target=_blank rel=noopener title=github.com class=md-social__link> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - 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