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pwndbg/2025.10.10/blog/2022/08/21/pwndbg-coding-sprints-report/index.html

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<!doctype html><html lang=en class=no-js> <head><meta charset=utf-8><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta name=description content="Report of the two coding sprints with Pwndbg
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10.1-24.3 10.1s-17.8-3.6-24.3-10.1c-17.6-17.6-11.1-46.9 11.2-56v-123c-20.8-8.5-24.6-30.7-18.6-45L142.6 101 8.5 235.1C3 240.6 0 247.9 0 255.5s3 15 8.5 20.4l195.6 195.7c5.4 5.4 12.7 8.4 20.4 8.4s15-3 20.4-8.4l194.7-194.7c5.4-5.4 8.4-12.8 8.4-20.4s-3-15-8.4-20.4"/></svg> </div> <div class=md-source__repository> pwndbg/pwndbg </div> </a> </div> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../.. class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Home </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../setup/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Setup </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../features/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Features </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../commands/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> 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class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Break if not taken </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/breakpoint/break-if-taken/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Break if taken </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/breakpoint/breakrva/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Breakrva </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/breakpoint/ignore/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ignore </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_3> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_3 id=__nav_4_3_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Context </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_3_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_3> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Context </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/context/context/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Context </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/context/contextnext/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Contextnext </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/context/contextoutput/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Contextoutput </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/context/contextprev/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Contextprev </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/context/contextsearch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Contextsearch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/context/contextunwatch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Contextunwatch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/context/contextwatch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Contextwatch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/context/regs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Regs </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_4> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_4 id=__nav_4_4_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Darwin libsystem mach o </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_4_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_4> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Darwin libsystem mach o </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/darwin_libsystem_mach-o/commpage/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Commpage </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_5> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_5 id=__nav_4_5_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Developer </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_5_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_5> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Developer </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/developer/dev-dump-instruction/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dev dump instruction </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/developer/log-level/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Log level </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_6> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_6 id=__nav_4_6_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Disassemble </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_6_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_6> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Disassemble </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/disassemble/emulate/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Emulate </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/disassemble/nearpc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Nearpc </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_7> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_7 id=__nav_4_7_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Glibc ptmalloc2 heap </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_7_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_7> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Glibc ptmalloc2 heap </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/arena/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arena </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/arenas/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Arenas </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/bins/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bins </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/fastbins/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Fastbins </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/find-fake-fast/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Find fake fast </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/heap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Heap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/hi/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Hi </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/largebins/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Largebins </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/malloc-chunk/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Malloc chunk </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/mp/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/smallbins/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Smallbins </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/tcache/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tcache </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/tcachebins/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tcachebins </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/top-chunk/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Top chunk </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/try-free/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Try free </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/unsortedbin/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Unsortedbin </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/glibc_ptmalloc2_heap/vis-heap-chunks/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Vis heap chunks </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_8> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_8 id=__nav_4_8_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Integrations </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_8_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_8> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Integrations </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/integrations/ai/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ai </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/integrations/bn-sync/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bn sync </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/integrations/decomp/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Decomp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/integrations/j/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> J </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/integrations/r2/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> R2 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/integrations/r2pipe/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> R2pipe </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/integrations/rop/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Rop </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/integrations/ropper/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ropper </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/integrations/rz/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Rz </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/integrations/rzpipe/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Rzpipe </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/integrations/save-ida/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Save ida </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_9> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_9 id=__nav_4_9_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Jemalloc heap </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_9_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_9> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Jemalloc heap </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/jemalloc_heap/jemalloc-extent-info/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Jemalloc extent info </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/jemalloc_heap/jemalloc-find-extent/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Jemalloc find extent </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/jemalloc_heap/jemalloc-heap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Jemalloc heap </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_10> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_10 id=__nav_4_10_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kernel </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_10_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_10> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Kernel </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/binder/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Binder </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/buddydump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Buddydump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/kbase/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kbase </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/kchecksec/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kchecksec </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/kcmdline/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kcmdline </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/kconfig/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kconfig </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/kdmabuf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kdmabuf </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/kdmesg/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kdmesg </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/klookup/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Klookup </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/kmod/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kmod </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/knft-dump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Knft dump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/knft-list-chains/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Knft list chains </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/knft-list-exprs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Knft list exprs </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/knft-list-flowtables/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Knft list flowtables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/knft-list-objects/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Knft list objects </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/knft-list-rules/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Knft list rules </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/knft-list-sets/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Knft list sets </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/knft-list-tables/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Knft list tables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/ksyscalls/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ksyscalls </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/ktask/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ktask </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/kversion/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Kversion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/msr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Msr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/p2v/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> P2v </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/pageinfo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pageinfo </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/pagewalk/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pagewalk </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/slab/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Slab </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/kernel/v2p/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> V2p </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_11> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_11 id=__nav_4_11_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Linux libc elf </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_11_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_11> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Linux libc elf </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/argc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Argc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/argv/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Argv </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/aslr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Aslr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/auxv/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Auxv </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/auxv-explore/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Auxv explore </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/elfsections/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Elfsections </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/envp/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Envp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/errno/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Errno </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/got/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Got </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/gotplt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Gotplt </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/libcinfo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Libcinfo </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/linkmap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Linkmap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/onegadget/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Onegadget </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/parse-seccomp/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Parse seccomp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/piebase/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Piebase </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/plt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Plt </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/strings/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Strings </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/threads/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Threads </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/tls/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tls </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/track-got/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Track got </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/linux_libc_elf/track-heap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Track heap </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_12> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_12 id=__nav_4_12_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Memory </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_12_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_12> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Memory </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/distance/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Distance </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/dump-register-frame/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dump register frame </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/gdt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Gdt </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/go-dump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Go dump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/go-type/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Go type </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/hexdump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Hexdump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/leakfind/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Leakfind </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/memfrob/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Memfrob </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/mmap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mmap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/mprotect/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mprotect </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/p2p/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> P2p </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/probeleak/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Probeleak </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/search/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Search </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/telescope/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Telescope </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/vmmap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Vmmap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/vmmap-add/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Vmmap add </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/vmmap-clear/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Vmmap clear </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/vmmap-explore/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Vmmap explore </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/xinfo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Xinfo </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/memory/xor/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Xor </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_13> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_13 id=__nav_4_13_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Misc </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_13_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_13> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Misc </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/asm/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Asm </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/checksec/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Checksec </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/comm/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Comm </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/cyclic/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Cyclic </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/cymbol/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Cymbol </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/down/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Down </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/dt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dt </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/dumpargs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dumpargs </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/getfile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Getfile </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/hex2ptr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Hex2ptr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/hijack-fd/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Hijack fd </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/ipi/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ipi </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/patch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Patch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/patch-list/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Patch list </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/patch-revert/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Patch revert </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/plist/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Plist </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/sigreturn/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Sigreturn </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/spray/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Spray </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/tips/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tips </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/up/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Up </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/valist/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Valist </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/misc/vmmap-load/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Vmmap load </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_14> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_14 id=__nav_4_14_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Musl </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_14_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_14> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Musl </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/musl/mallocng-dump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng dump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/musl/mallocng-explain/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng explain </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/musl/mallocng-find/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng find </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/musl/mallocng-group/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng group </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/musl/mallocng-malloc-context/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng malloc context </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/musl/mallocng-meta/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng meta </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/musl/mallocng-meta-area/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng meta area </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/musl/mallocng-slot-start/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng slot start </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/musl/mallocng-slot-user/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng slot user </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/musl/mallocng-visualize-slots/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Mallocng visualize slots </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_15> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_15 id=__nav_4_15_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Process </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_15_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_15> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Process </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/process/killthreads/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Killthreads </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/process/pid/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pid </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/process/procinfo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Procinfo </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_16> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_16 id=__nav_4_16_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pwndbg </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_16_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_16> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Pwndbg </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/pwndbg/bugreport/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bugreport </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/pwndbg/config/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Config </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/pwndbg/configfile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Configfile </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/pwndbg/heap-config/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Heap config </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/pwndbg/memoize/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Memoize </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/pwndbg/profiler/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Profiler </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/pwndbg/pwndbg/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pwndbg </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/pwndbg/reinit-pwndbg/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Reinit pwndbg </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/pwndbg/reload/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Reload </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/pwndbg/theme/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Theme </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/pwndbg/themefile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Themefile </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/pwndbg/version/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Version </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_17> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_17 id=__nav_4_17_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Register </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_17_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_17> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Register </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/register/cpsr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Cpsr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/register/fsbase/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Fsbase </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/register/gsbase/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Gsbase </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/register/setflag/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Setflag </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_18> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_18 id=__nav_4_18_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Stack </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_18_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_18> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Stack </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/stack/canary/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Canary </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/stack/retaddr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Retaddr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/stack/stack/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Stack </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/stack/stack-explore/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Stack explore </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/stack/stackf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Stackf </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_19> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_19 id=__nav_4_19_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Start </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_19_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_19> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Start </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/start/attachp/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Attachp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/start/entry/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Entry </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/start/sstart/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Sstart </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/start/start/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Start </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_20> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_20 id=__nav_4_20_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Step next continue </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_20_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_20> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Step next continue </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/step_next_continue/nextcall/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Nextcall </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/step_next_continue/nextjmp/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Nextjmp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/step_next_continue/nextproginstr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Nextproginstr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/step_next_continue/nextret/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Nextret </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/step_next_continue/nextsyscall/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Nextsyscall </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/step_next_continue/stepover/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Stepover </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/step_next_continue/stepret/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Stepret </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/step_next_continue/stepsyscall/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Stepsyscall </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/step_next_continue/stepuntilasm/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Stepuntilasm </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/step_next_continue/xuntil/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Xuntil </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_4_21> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_4_21 id=__nav_4_21_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Windbg </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_4_21_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_4_21> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Windbg </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/bc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/bd/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bd </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/be/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Be </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/bl/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bl </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/bp/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Bp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/da/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Da </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/db/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Db </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/dc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/dd/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dd </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/dds/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dds </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/dq/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dq </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/ds/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ds </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/dw/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Dw </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/eb/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Eb </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/ed/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ed </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/eq/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Eq </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/ew/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ew </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/ez/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ez </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/eza/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Eza </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/go/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Go </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/k/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> K </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/ln/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ln </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/pc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../commands/windbg/peb/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Peb </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_5> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../functions/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> Functions </span> </a> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_5_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_5> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Functions </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_6> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../configuration/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> Configuration </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_6 id=__nav_6_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_6_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_6> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Configuration </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../configuration/config/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Config </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../configuration/heap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Heap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../configuration/theme/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Theme </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_7> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../contributing/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> Contributing </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_7 id=__nav_7_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_7_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_7> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Contributing </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../contributing/setup-pwndbg-dev/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Setup Pwndbg for Development </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../contributing/dev-notes/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Developer Notes </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../contributing/writing-tests/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Writing Tests </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../contributing/adding-a-command/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Adding a Command </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../contributing/adding-a-parameter/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Adding a Configuration Option </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../contributing/improving-annotations/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Improving Annotations </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../contributing/making-a-gif/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Making a Pwndbg gif </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_8> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_8 id=__nav_8_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Tutorials </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_8_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_8> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Tutorials </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../tutorials/env-vars/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Env vars </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../tutorials/gdb-lldb-commands/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> GDB vs LLDB </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../tutorials/gdb-tui/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> GDB TUI </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../tutorials/go-debugging/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Debugging Go with Pwndbg </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../tutorials/pwndbg-users/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Pwndbg in the wild </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../tutorials/pycharm-debugging/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Debugging with PyCharm </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../tutorials/splitting-the-context/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Splitting / Layouting Context </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_8_8> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_8_8 id=__nav_8_8_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Decompiler integration </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_8_8_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_8_8> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Decompiler integration </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../tutorials/decompiler-integration/binja-integration/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Binary Ninja </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../tutorials/decompiler-integration/ghidra-integration/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Ghidra </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../tutorials/decompiler-integration/ida-integration/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> IDA </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_9 id=__nav_9_label tabindex=0> <span class=md-ellipsis> Reference </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Reference </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> pwndbg </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1 id=__nav_9_1_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> pwndbg </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/arguments/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> arguments </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/auxv/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> auxv </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/chain/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> chain </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/decorators/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> decorators </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/enhance/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> enhance </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/exception/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> exception </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/ghidra/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ghidra </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/glibc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> glibc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/hexdump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> hexdump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/log/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> log </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/profiling/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> profiling </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/radare2/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> radare2 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/rizin/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> rizin </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/search/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> search </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/ui/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ui </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_17> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> aglib </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_17 id=__nav_9_1_17_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=3 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_17_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_17> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> aglib </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/arch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> arch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/argv/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> argv </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/asm/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> asm </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/commpage/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> commpage </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/ctypes/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ctypes </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/dt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> dt </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/dynamic/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> dynamic </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/elf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> elf </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/file/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> file </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/godbg/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> godbg </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/macho/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> macho </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/memory/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> memory </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/nearpc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> nearpc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/next/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> next </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/objc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> objc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/onegadget/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> onegadget </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/proc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> proc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/qemu/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> qemu </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/regs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> regs </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/remote/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> remote </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/saved_register_frames/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> saved_register_frames </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/shellcode/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> shellcode </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/stack/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> stack </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/strings/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> strings </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/symbol/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> symbol </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/tls/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> tls </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/typeinfo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> typeinfo </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/vmmap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> vmmap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/vmmap_custom/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> vmmap_custom </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_17_31> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> disasm </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_17_31 id=__nav_9_1_17_31_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=4 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_17_31_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_17_31> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> disasm </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/aarch64/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> aarch64 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/arch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> arch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/arm/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> arm </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/disassembly/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> disassembly </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/instruction/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> instruction </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/loongarch64/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> loongarch64 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/mips/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> mips </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/ppc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ppc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/riscv/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> riscv </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/sparc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> sparc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/disasm/x86/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> x86 </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_17_32> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/heap/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> heap </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_17_32 id=__nav_9_1_17_32_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=4 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_17_32_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_17_32> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> heap </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/heap/heap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> heap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/heap/jemalloc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> jemalloc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/heap/mallocng/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> mallocng </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/heap/ptmalloc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ptmalloc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/heap/structs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> structs </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_17_33> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> kernel </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_17_33 id=__nav_9_1_17_33_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=4 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_17_33_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_17_33> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> kernel </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/buddydump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> buddydump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/dmabuf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> dmabuf </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/kallsyms/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kallsyms </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/kmod/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kmod </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/macros/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> macros </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/nftables/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> nftables </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/paging/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> paging </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/rbtree/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> rbtree </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/slab/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> slab </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/symbol/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> symbol </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/vmmap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> vmmap </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_18> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/color/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> color </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_18 id=__nav_9_1_18_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=3 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_18_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_18> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> color </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/color/context/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> context </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/color/disasm/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> disasm </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/color/enhance/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> enhance </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/color/hexdump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> hexdump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/color/memory/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> memory </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/color/message/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> message </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/color/syntax_highlight/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> syntax_highlight </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/color/telescope/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> telescope </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/color/theme/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> theme </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_19> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> commands </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_19 id=__nav_9_1_19_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=3 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_19_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_19> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> commands </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ai/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ai </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/argv/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> argv </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/aslr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> aslr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/asm/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> asm </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/attachp/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> attachp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/auxv/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> auxv </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/binder/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> binder </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/binja/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> binja </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/binja_functions/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> binja_functions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/branch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> branch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/buddydump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> buddydump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/canary/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> canary </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/checksec/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> checksec </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/comments/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> comments </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/commpage/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> commpage </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/config/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> config </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/context/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> context </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/cpsr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> cpsr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/cyclic/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> cyclic </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/cymbol/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> cymbol </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/dev/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> dev </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/distance/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> distance </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/dt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> dt </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/dumpargs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> dumpargs </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/elf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> elf </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/flags/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> flags </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/gdt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> gdt </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ghidra/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ghidra </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/godbg/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> godbg </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/got/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> got </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/got_tracking/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> got_tracking </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/hex2ptr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> hex2ptr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/hexdump/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> hexdump </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/hijack_fd/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> hijack_fd </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ida/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ida </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ignore/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ignore </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/integration/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> integration </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ipython_interactive/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ipython_interactive </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/jemalloc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> jemalloc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/kbase/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kbase </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/kchecksec/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kchecksec </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/kcmdline/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kcmdline </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/kconfig/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kconfig </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/kdmabuf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kdmabuf </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/kdmesg/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kdmesg </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/killthreads/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> killthreads </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/klookup/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> klookup </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/kmod/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kmod </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/knft/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> knft </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ksyscalls/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ksyscalls </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ktask/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ktask </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/kversion/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kversion </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/leakfind/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> leakfind </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/libcinfo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> libcinfo </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/linkmap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> linkmap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/mallocng/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> mallocng </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/memoize/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> memoize </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/misc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> misc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/mmap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> mmap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/mprotect/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> mprotect </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/msr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> msr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/nearpc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> nearpc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/next/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> next </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/onegadget/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> onegadget </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/p2p/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> p2p </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/paging/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> paging </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/parse_seccomp/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> parse_seccomp </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/patch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> patch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/peda/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> peda </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/pie/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> pie </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/plist/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> plist </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/probeleak/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> probeleak </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/procinfo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> procinfo </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/profiler/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> profiler </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ptmalloc2/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ptmalloc2 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ptmalloc2_tracking/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ptmalloc2_tracking </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/radare2/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> radare2 </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/reload/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> reload </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/retaddr/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> retaddr </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/rizin/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> rizin </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/rop/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> rop </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/ropper/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ropper </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/saved_register_frames/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> saved_register_frames </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/search/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> search </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/segments/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> segments </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/sigreturn/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> sigreturn </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/slab/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> slab </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/spray/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> spray </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/start/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> start </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/strings/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> strings </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/telescope/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> telescope </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/tips/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> tips </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/tls/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> tls </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/valist/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> valist </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/version/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> version </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/vmmap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> vmmap </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/windbg/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> windbg </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/xinfo/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> xinfo </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/commands/xor/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> xor </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_20> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> dbg </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_20 id=__nav_9_1_20_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=3 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_20_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_20> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> dbg </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_20_2> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/gdb/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> gdb </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_20_2 id=__nav_9_1_20_2_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=4 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_20_2_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_20_2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> gdb </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/gdb/debug_sym/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> debug_sym </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/gdb/symbol/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> symbol </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_20_3> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/lldb/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> lldb </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_20_3 id=__nav_9_1_20_3_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=4 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_20_3_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_20_3> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> lldb </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/lldb/hooks/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> hooks </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/lldb/pset/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> pset </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/lldb/util/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> util </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_20_3_5> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/lldb/repl/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> repl </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_20_3_5 id=__nav_9_1_20_3_5_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=5 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_20_3_5_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_20_3_5> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> repl </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/lldb/repl/fuzzy/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> fuzzy </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/lldb/repl/io/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> io </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/lldb/repl/proc/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> proc </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/dbg/lldb/repl/readline/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> readline </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_21> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/emu/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> emu </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_21 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class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> hooks </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/info/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> info </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/prompt/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> prompt </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/ptmalloc2_tracking/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ptmalloc2_tracking </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/scheduler/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> scheduler </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/shellcode/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> shellcode </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/symbol/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> symbol </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/vmmap/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> vmmap </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_22_15> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/tui/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> tui </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_22_15 id=__nav_9_1_22_15_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=4 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_22_15_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_22_15> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> tui </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/tui/context/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> context </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/gdblib/tui/control/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> control </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_23> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/integration/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> integration </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_23 id=__nav_9_1_23_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=3 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_23_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_23> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> integration </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/integration/binja/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> binja </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/integration/ida/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> ida </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_24> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> lib </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_24 id=__nav_9_1_24_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=3 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_24_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_24> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> lib </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/abi/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> abi </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/android/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> android </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/arch/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> arch </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/cache/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> cache </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/common/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> common </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/config/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> config </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/elftypes/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> elftypes </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/exception/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> exception </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/funcparser/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> funcparser </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/functions/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> functions </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/functions_data/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> functions_data </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/memory/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> memory </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/net/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> net </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/pretty_print/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> pretty_print </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/regs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> regs </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/stdio/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> stdio </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/strings/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> strings </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/tempfile/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> tempfile </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/tips/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> tips </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/version/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> version </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/which/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> which </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/zig/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> zig </span> </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_24_24> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/disasm/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> disasm </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_24_24 id=__nav_9_1_24_24_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=4 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_24_24_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_24_24> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> disasm </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/disasm/helpers/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> helpers </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_24_25> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/heap/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> heap </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_24_25 id=__nav_9_1_24_25_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=4 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_24_25_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_24_25> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> heap </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/heap/helpers/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> helpers </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_24_26> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/kernel/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> kernel </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_24_26 id=__nav_9_1_24_26_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=4 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_24_26_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_24_26> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> kernel </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/kernel/kconfig/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> kconfig </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/lib/kernel/structs/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> structs </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_9_1_25> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/wrappers/ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> wrappers </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_9_1_25 id=__nav_9_1_25_label tabindex=0> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=3 aria-labelledby=__nav_9_1_25_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_9_1_25> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> wrappers </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/wrappers/checksec/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> checksec </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../../reference/pwndbg/wrappers/readelf/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> readelf </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--active md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_10 checked> <div class="md-nav__link md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../ class="md-nav__link "> <span class=md-ellipsis> Blog </span> </a> <label class="md-nav__link " for=__nav_10 id=__nav_10_label tabindex> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> </div> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=1 aria-labelledby=__nav_10_label aria-expanded=true> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_10> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Blog </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section md-nav__item--nested"> <input class="md-nav__toggle md-toggle " type=checkbox id=__nav_10_2> <label class=md-nav__link for=__nav_10_2 id=__nav_10_2_label tabindex> <span class=md-ellipsis> Archive </span> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> </label> <nav class=md-nav data-md-level=2 aria-labelledby=__nav_10_2_label aria-expanded=false> <label class=md-nav__title for=__nav_10_2> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Archive </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=../../../../archive/2022/ class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> 2022 </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component=sidebar data-md-type=toc> <div class=md-sidebar__scrollwrap> <div class=md-sidebar__inner> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents"> <label class=md-nav__title for=__toc> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class=md-nav__list data-md-component=toc data-md-scrollfix> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#where-i-got-the-idea-for-sprints class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Where I got the idea for sprints? </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#my-general-idea-for-a-pwndbg-sprint class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> My general idea for a Pwndbg sprint </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#europython-2022-sprint class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> EuroPython 2022 sprint </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#hackerspace-krakow-sprint class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Hackerspace Kraków sprint </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#accomplishments-from-the-two-sprints class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Accomplishments from the two sprints </span> </a> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <a href=#summary-and-whats-next class=md-nav__link> <span class=md-ellipsis> Summary and what's next? </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-content md-content--post" data-md-component=content> <div class="md-sidebar md-sidebar--post" data-md-component=sidebar data-md-type=navigation> <div class=md-sidebar__scrollwrap> <div class="md-sidebar__inner md-post"> <nav class="md-nav md-nav--primary"> <div class=md-post__back> <div class="md-nav__title md-nav__container"> <a href=../../../../ class=md-nav__link> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20 11v2H8l5.5 5.5-1.42 1.42L4.16 12l7.92-7.92L13.5 5.5 8 11z"/></svg> <span class=md-ellipsis> Back to index </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="md-post__authors md-typeset"> <div class="md-profile md-post__profile"> <span class="md-author md-author--long"> <img src=https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/10009354 alt=Disconnect3d> </span> <span class=md-profile__description> <strong> <a href=https://github.com/disconnect3d>Disconnect3d</a> </strong> <br> Creator </span> </div> </div> <ul class="md-post__meta md-nav__list"> <li class="md-nav__item md-nav__item--section"> <div class=md-post__title> <span class=md-ellipsis> Metadata </span> </div> <nav class=md-nav> <ul class=md-nav__list> <li class=md-nav__item> <div class=md-nav__link> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 19H5V8h14m-3-7v2H8V1H6v2H5c-1.11 0-2 .89-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V5a2 2 0 0 0-2-2h-1V1m-1 11h-5v5h5z"/></svg> <time datetime="2022-08-21 00:00:00+00:00" class=md-ellipsis>August 21, 2022</time> </div> </li> <li class=md-nav__item> <div class=md-nav__link> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 20a8 8 0 0 0 8-8 8 8 0 0 0-8-8 8 8 0 0 0-8 8 8 8 0 0 0 8 8m0-18a10 10 0 0 1 10 10 10 10 0 0 1-10 10C6.47 22 2 17.5 2 12A10 10 0 0 1 12 2m.5 5v5.25l4.5 2.67-.75 1.23L11 13V7z"/></svg> <span class=md-ellipsis> 6 min read </span> </div> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset"> <h1>Pwndbg coding sprints report</h1> <p>(originally posted on <a href=https://disconnect3d.pl/2022/08/21/pwndbg-coding-sprints/ >https://disconnect3d.pl/2022/08/21/pwndbg-coding-sprints/</a>)</p> <p>This blog post is a report of the two coding sprints for the <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg>Pwndbg project</a> that I organized first on the EuroPython 2022 conference and then, taking inspiration from the previous one, in the Hackerspace Kraków, located in Cracow, Poland.</p> <p>PS: If you are only looking for a list of things done, scroll down!</p> <!-- more --> <h2 id=where-i-got-the-idea-for-sprints>Where I got the idea for sprints?<a class=headerlink href=#where-i-got-the-idea-for-sprints title="Permanent link">¤</a></h2> <p>I have recently attended the <a href=https://ep2022.europython.eu>EuroPython 2022</a> conference and I enjoyed the “sprints” there. In short, a <a href=https://ep2022.europython.eu/sprints#what-is-a-sprint->sprint</a> is a semi-organized event, where anyone can announce a project they will be working on and others can join them. This helps both the projects and the event participants to learn about the project and to make first-time contributions. At the EuroPython conference, <a href=https://ep2022.europython.eu/sprints#2022-sprints-listings>there were 16 officially announced projects</a>, but I know that even more projects were being worked on in practice. Of course, other communities or conferences also do this (e.g. <a href=https://2022.nixcon.org/#hackday>NixCon</a>).</p> <p>At the EuroPython conference, I announced my own sprint to work on the Pwndbg project that I maintain. Having no expectations, I felt excited when four people showed up to learn something new and hack together on the project. Later, taking inspiration from it, I organized another sprint, this time in Cracow in the local Hackerspace with even a bigger response. Below, you can read a small report on the two sprints that have happened.</p> <h2 id=my-general-idea-for-a-pwndbg-sprint>My general idea for a Pwndbg sprint<a class=headerlink href=#my-general-idea-for-a-pwndbg-sprint title="Permanent link">¤</a></h2> <p>Pwndbg is written in Python, so on one hand is easy to hack on, but on the other hand it is a plugin for GDB, a console debugger for native programs (e.g. ones written in C, C++, Go or Rust). The general idea of Pwndbg is to alleviate the pain points of working with and improve the UX of GDB when debugging assembly code, reverse engineering a binary or during exploit development.</p> <p>Since not everyone is familiar with debuggers or the underlyings of programs execution (e.g. assembly code, CPU registers or stack or heap memory) I knew that I had to make some introduction to those concepts and if possible, prepare a list of simple tasks, so that people can get familiar with the codebase and the tool and contribute something.</p> <h2 id=europython-2022-sprint>EuroPython 2022 sprint<a class=headerlink href=#europython-2022-sprint title="Permanent link">¤</a></h2> <p>On the first sprint, four people showed up, mostly having no prior experience with the topic. We started with an introduction to what GDB and Pwndbg are and why and when they are useful.</p> <p>For this, I took a small C program that had a buffer overflow bug: <div class="language-c highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-0-1><a id=__codelineno-0-1 name=__codelineno-0-1 href=#__codelineno-0-1></a><span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;stdio.h&gt;</span>
</span><span id=__span-0-2><a id=__codelineno-0-2 name=__codelineno-0-2 href=#__codelineno-0-2></a><span class=cp>#include</span><span class=w> </span><span class=cpf>&lt;string.h&gt;</span>
</span><span id=__span-0-3><a id=__codelineno-0-3 name=__codelineno-0-3 href=#__codelineno-0-3></a>
</span><span id=__span-0-4><a id=__codelineno-0-4 name=__codelineno-0-4 href=#__codelineno-0-4></a><span class=kt>int</span><span class=w> </span><span class=nf>main</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=kt>int</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>argc</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>char</span><span class=o>*</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>argv</span><span class=p>[])</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span>
</span><span id=__span-0-5><a id=__codelineno-0-5 name=__codelineno-0-5 href=#__codelineno-0-5></a><span class=w> </span><span class=kt>char</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>name</span><span class=p>[</span><span class=mi>16</span><span class=p>]</span><span class=w> </span><span class=o>=</span><span class=w> </span><span class=p>{</span><span class=mi>0</span><span class=p>};</span>
</span><span id=__span-0-6><a id=__codelineno-0-6 name=__codelineno-0-6 href=#__codelineno-0-6></a>
</span><span id=__span-0-7><a id=__codelineno-0-7 name=__codelineno-0-7 href=#__codelineno-0-7></a><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// NOTE: We copy the `argv[1]` string which may be of arbitrary length</span>
</span><span id=__span-0-8><a id=__codelineno-0-8 name=__codelineno-0-8 href=#__codelineno-0-8></a><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// into the `name` buffer which is only of 16-bytes long. Thus, we can</span>
</span><span id=__span-0-9><a id=__codelineno-0-9 name=__codelineno-0-9 href=#__codelineno-0-9></a><span class=w> </span><span class=c1>// overwrite the stack memory of the program past the `name` buffer.</span>
</span><span id=__span-0-10><a id=__codelineno-0-10 name=__codelineno-0-10 href=#__codelineno-0-10></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>strcpy</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=n>name</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>argv</span><span class=p>[</span><span class=mi>1</span><span class=p>]);</span>
</span><span id=__span-0-11><a id=__codelineno-0-11 name=__codelineno-0-11 href=#__codelineno-0-11></a>
</span><span id=__span-0-12><a id=__codelineno-0-12 name=__codelineno-0-12 href=#__codelineno-0-12></a><span class=w> </span><span class=n>printf</span><span class=p>(</span><span class=s>&quot;Hello %s!</span><span class=se>\n</span><span class=s>&quot;</span><span class=p>,</span><span class=w> </span><span class=n>name</span><span class=p>);</span>
</span><span id=__span-0-13><a id=__codelineno-0-13 name=__codelineno-0-13 href=#__codelineno-0-13></a><span class=p>}</span>
</span></code></pre></div></p> <p>Then, after compiling it (<code>gcc main.c</code>), we ran the program twice to see that it will crash if we provide a too long string as its argument:</p> <div class="language-bash highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-1-1><a id=__codelineno-1-1 name=__codelineno-1-1 href=#__codelineno-1-1></a>$<span class=w> </span>./a.out<span class=w> </span>Disconnect3d
</span><span id=__span-1-2><a id=__codelineno-1-2 name=__codelineno-1-2 href=#__codelineno-1-2></a>Hello<span class=w> </span>Disconnect3d!
</span><span id=__span-1-3><a id=__codelineno-1-3 name=__codelineno-1-3 href=#__codelineno-1-3></a>
</span><span id=__span-1-4><a id=__codelineno-1-4 name=__codelineno-1-4 href=#__codelineno-1-4></a>$<span class=w> </span>./a.out<span class=w> </span>Disconnect3d_at_EuroPython
</span><span id=__span-1-5><a id=__codelineno-1-5 name=__codelineno-1-5 href=#__codelineno-1-5></a>Hello<span class=w> </span>Disconnect3d_at_EuroPython!
</span><span id=__span-1-6><a id=__codelineno-1-6 name=__codelineno-1-6 href=#__codelineno-1-6></a>***<span class=w> </span>stack<span class=w> </span>smashing<span class=w> </span>detected<span class=w> </span>***:<span class=w> </span>&lt;unknown&gt;<span class=w> </span>terminated
</span><span id=__span-1-7><a id=__codelineno-1-7 name=__codelineno-1-7 href=#__codelineno-1-7></a>Aborted<span class=w> </span><span class=o>(</span>core<span class=w> </span>dumped<span class=o>)</span>
</span></code></pre></div> <p>Then, I explained that the "stack smashing detected" we see is the "stack canaries" (also called "stack cookies") exploit mitigation added by compilers. This compiler feature adds a special 8-bytes canary value after the function's local variables located on the stack, so that then a stack frame may look like this:</p> <div class="language-text highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-2-1><a id=__codelineno-2-1 name=__codelineno-2-1 href=#__codelineno-2-1></a>------------------------------ lower addresses
</span><span id=__span-2-2><a id=__codelineno-2-2 name=__codelineno-2-2 href=#__codelineno-2-2></a>char name[16]; |
</span><span id=__span-2-3><a id=__codelineno-2-3 name=__codelineno-2-3 href=#__codelineno-2-3></a>uint8_t canary[8]; |
</span><span id=__span-2-4><a id=__codelineno-2-4 name=__codelineno-2-4 href=#__codelineno-2-4></a>void* function_return_address; V
</span><span id=__span-2-5><a id=__codelineno-2-5 name=__codelineno-2-5 href=#__codelineno-2-5></a>------------------------------ higher addresses
</span></code></pre></div> <p>This local stack canary value is then filled in just after the function’s prologue and is verified against a global value before the function returns to see if the stack was not corrupted (starting from the canary). Of course this may not detect all possible stack memory corruptions but it often makes it impossible to exploit a program (e.g. by changing the return address, also located on the stack), knowing just this vulnerability.</p> <p>The stack canary mitigation can also be disabled. And if it were done (by passing in a <code>-fno-stack-protector</code> flag during compilation), we would get a different result when running the resulting program:</p> <div class="language-bash highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id=__span-3-1><a id=__codelineno-3-1 name=__codelineno-3-1 href=#__codelineno-3-1></a>$<span class=w> </span>gcc<span class=w> </span>-fno-stack-protector<span class=w> </span>buf.c
</span><span id=__span-3-2><a id=__codelineno-3-2 name=__codelineno-3-2 href=#__codelineno-3-2></a>
</span><span id=__span-3-3><a id=__codelineno-3-3 name=__codelineno-3-3 href=#__codelineno-3-3></a>$<span class=w> </span>./a.out<span class=w> </span>Disconnect3d_on_EuroPython
</span><span id=__span-3-4><a id=__codelineno-3-4 name=__codelineno-3-4 href=#__codelineno-3-4></a>Hello<span class=w> </span>Disconnect3d_on_EuroPython!
</span><span id=__span-3-5><a id=__codelineno-3-5 name=__codelineno-3-5 href=#__codelineno-3-5></a>Segmentation<span class=w> </span>fault<span class=w> </span><span class=o>(</span>core<span class=w> </span>dumped<span class=o>)</span>
</span></code></pre></div> <p>Now, the "stack smashing detected" is gone, but the program still crashed, because we still corrupted a part of its memory that we shouldn't have touched in a way that made the program do illegal things (e.g. accessing unmapped memory).</p> <p>During the sprint, we also ran a GDB+Pwndbg session to see the exact instructions that placed the canary value on the stack memory, to see that our input string was located just before it and how the canary was checked just before the function was returned.</p> <p>I am not going to describe all of this here, but you can see some of it in the below asciinema recording.</p> <p><a href=https://asciinema.org/a/zuuwfJIZrpu6IjuwWhiNgAdim><img alt=asciicast src=https://asciinema.org/a/zuuwfJIZrpu6IjuwWhiNgAdim.svg></a></p> <h2 id=hackerspace-krakow-sprint>Hackerspace Kraków sprint<a class=headerlink href=#hackerspace-krakow-sprint title="Permanent link">¤</a></h2> <p>Since the second sprint was an ad-hoc event, I had to organize it myself. As a member of Hackerspace Kraków, I was able to reserve the hackerspace's softroom, which is a perfect place for people to hack on things using their computers. Then, I advertised the event on the <a href=https://groups.google.com/g/hackerspace-krk/c/MP6mX4I5vXY>Hackerspace's mailing list</a> and on a few other mediums.</p> <p>I did not expect many people to come, especially that I advertised the sprint ~2 days before the event.</p> <p>But... 8 people (!) showed up (excluding me). I prepared a document with some basic information and tasks, which can be found <a href=https://hackmd.io/vjfZ4GIYS8eu_j-7q-fkBg>here</a> (though, it is in Polish and it was modified during and after the sprint).</p> <p>I won't lie: most people that came were friends of mine, some of which I play <a href=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_the_flag_(cybersecurity)>CTFs</a> with. However, not all of them had really used or developed Pwndbg before.</p> <h2 id=accomplishments-from-the-two-sprints>Accomplishments from the two sprints<a class=headerlink href=#accomplishments-from-the-two-sprints title="Permanent link">¤</a></h2> <p>On the EP sprint, since we were just a group of four, we focused on small improvements to the codebase. In total, we did the following: * <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/pull/1030>reviewed and merged the fs/gs_base fetching improvement PR</a>, * <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/pull/1033>pinned the project's dependencies</a>, * <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/pull/1034>updated the unicorn dependency version</a>, * <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/pull/1036>added a "tip of the day" feature</a>, * <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/pull/1037>improved the UX of using Pwndbg within a Python virtual environment</a>, * and also <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/pull/1038>worked on enhancing the display of arguments when stopping on a call to the printf functions family</a>.</p> <p>The last item from the list was the hardest to jump on and it still requires enhancements until it is merged. Nonetheless, all of this was a nice outcome from the whole sprint :).</p> <p>On the second sprint, while we were a bigger group, we had much more limited time (since instead of having ~8 hours, we had just a few). Anyway, we were able to do the following:</p> <ul> <li><a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/pull/1052>Cleanup some code leftover after dropping Python 2 support</a>,</li> <li><a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/pull/1058>Added documentation on how to debug Pwndbg using PyCharm remote debugging</a>,</li> <li>Reviewed and merged the PRs that <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/pull/1051>sets <code>$base_heap</code> variable</a> and <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/pull/1053>a tip for it</a>, which may be useful for heap exploitation,</li> <li><a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/pull/1054>Fix the X30 register display on AARCH64 targets</a>,</li> <li><a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/pull/1055>Fix <code>context args</code> display when PC/IP register pointed to unmapped memory</a>,</li> <li><a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/pull/1057>Fixed the <code>xor</code> and <code>memfrob</code> commands and added tests for them (! :D)</a>,</li> <li><a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/pull/1056>Worked on adding a way to dump memory that can be copied right away as C or Python code</a> (this needs to be changed to a command flag),</li> <li>Investigated a <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/issues/1050>potential parsing issue</a>, even looking at GDB's command parsing source code, <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg/pwndbg/pull/1062>implemented potential patch</a>, which only later turned out to be redundant and the issue to be invalid.</li> </ul> <h2 id=summary-and-whats-next>Summary and what's next?<a class=headerlink href=#summary-and-whats-next title="Permanent link">¤</a></h2> <p>Organizing those sprints helped me to get back to develop the Pwndbg project more and and attract more people to contribute to it. I also think that more conferences should have this kind of attractions (similarly as more conferences should have lightning talk sessions, heh).</p> <p>Regarding the Pwndbg sprints, I am organizing another one this week in Cracow on Tuesday, so if you live nearby and are interested in learning about Pwndbg or contributing to the project, feel invited! :)</p> <p>PS: Thanks a lot to <a href=https://twitter.com/arturcygan>@arturcygan</a> for reviewing this blog post.</p> </article> </div> <script>var tabs=__md_get("__tabs");if(Array.isArray(tabs))e:for(var set of document.querySelectorAll(".tabbed-set")){var labels=set.querySelector(".tabbed-labels");for(var tab of tabs)for(var label of labels.getElementsByTagName("label"))if(label.innerText.trim()===tab){var input=document.getElementById(label.htmlFor);input.checked=!0;continue e}}</script> <script>var target=document.getElementById(location.hash.slice(1));target&&target.name&&(target.checked=target.name.startsWith("__tabbed_"))</script> </div> <button type=button class="md-top md-icon" data-md-component=top hidden> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8z"/></svg> Back to top </button> </main> <footer class=md-footer> <div class="md-footer-meta md-typeset"> <div class="md-footer-meta__inner md-grid"> <div class=md-copyright> Made with <a href=https://squidfunk.github.io/mkdocs-material/ target=_blank rel=noopener> Material for MkDocs </a> </div> <div class=md-social> <a href=https://github.com/pwndbg target=_blank rel=noopener title=github.com class=md-social__link> <svg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewbox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 7.0.0 by @fontawesome - 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