From e43542852aecce2f1d4288d698a108241d4179dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jxuanli <65455765+jxuanli@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2025 04:16:47 -0700
Subject: [PATCH] Various improvements on recovering kernel type information
 (#3240)

* refactoring

* buddy improvements

* field check

* buddy improvements

* slab improvements

* kversion improvments

* config sysfs detection

* fix buddy

* fix kernel version handling

* cleaning up

* removed todo

* improved arg handling

* fixes based on comments
---
 pwndbg/aglib/kernel/__init__.py  |  57 ++++++-----
 pwndbg/aglib/kernel/buddydump.py | 169 +++++++++----------------------
 pwndbg/aglib/kernel/kallsyms.py  |   2 +-
 pwndbg/aglib/kernel/paging.py    |  53 ++++------
 pwndbg/aglib/kernel/slab.py      | 145 ++++++++++++++++----------
 pwndbg/aglib/kernel/symbol.py    |  59 +++++++----
 pwndbg/commands/buddydump.py     |   6 +-
 pwndbg/lib/kernel/kconfig.py     |   6 ++
 8 files changed, 240 insertions(+), 257 deletions(-)

diff --git a/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/__init__.py b/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/__init__.py
index a8dd2822c..9fe12b669 100644
--- a/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/__init__.py
+++ b/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/__init__.py
@@ -41,10 +41,9 @@ def BIT(shift: int):
     return 1 << shift
 
 
-@pwndbg.lib.cache.cache_until("objfile")
-def has_debug_symbols(required=[], checkall=True) -> bool:
-    if len(required) == 0:
-        return pwndbg.aglib.symbol.lookup_symbol("commit_creds") is not None
+def has_debug_symbols(*required: str, checkall: bool = True) -> bool:
+    if not required:
+        required = ("commit_creds",)
     if checkall:
         return all(pwndbg.aglib.symbol.lookup_symbol(sym) is not None for sym in required)
     # check any
@@ -61,12 +60,12 @@ def has_debug_info() -> bool:
 
 
 def requires_debug_symbols(
-    required: List[str], checkall=False, default: D = None
+    *required: str, checkall=False, default: D = None
 ) -> Callable[[Callable[P, T]], Callable[P, T | D]]:
     def decorator(f: Callable[P, T]) -> Callable[P, T | D]:
         @functools.wraps(f)
         def func(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> T | D:
-            if has_debug_symbols(required, checkall):
+            if has_debug_symbols(*required, checkall=checkall):
                 return f(*args, **kwargs)
 
             # If the user doesn't want an exception thrown when debug symbols are
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ def requires_debug_symbols(
                 return default
 
             raise Exception(
-                f"Function {f.__name__} requires {'all' if checkall else 'any'} of the following debug symbols: {required}"
+                f"Function {f.__name__} requires {'all' if checkall else 'any'} of the following symbols: {required}"
             )
 
         return func
@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ def requires_debug_info(default: D = None) -> Callable[[Callable[P, T]], Callabl
     return decorator
 
 
-@requires_debug_symbols(["nr_cpu_ids"], default=1)
+@requires_debug_symbols("nr_cpu_ids", default=1)
 def nproc() -> int:
     """Returns the number of processing units available, similar to nproc(1)"""
     val = pwndbg.aglib.kernel.symbol.try_usymbol("nr_cpu_ids", 32)
@@ -110,7 +109,7 @@ def nproc() -> int:
 
 
 @pwndbg.lib.cache.cache_until("stop")
-def get_first_kernel_ro() -> pwndbg.lib.memory.Page | None:
+def first_kernel_ro_page() -> pwndbg.lib.memory.Page | None:
     """Returns the first kernel mapping which contains the linux_banner"""
     base = kbase()
     if base is None:
@@ -132,11 +131,11 @@ def get_first_kernel_ro() -> pwndbg.lib.memory.Page | None:
 def kconfig() -> pwndbg.lib.kernel.kconfig.Kconfig | None:
     global _kconfig
     config_start, config_end = None, None
-    if has_debug_info():
+    if has_debug_symbols():
         config_start = pwndbg.aglib.symbol.lookup_symbol_addr("kernel_config_data")
         config_end = pwndbg.aglib.symbol.lookup_symbol_addr("kernel_config_data_end")
     else:
-        mapping = get_first_kernel_ro()
+        mapping = first_kernel_ro_page()
         result = next(pwndbg.search.search(b"IKCFG_ST", mappings=[mapping]), None)
 
         if result is not None:
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ def kconfig() -> pwndbg.lib.kernel.kconfig.Kconfig | None:
     return _kconfig
 
 
-@requires_debug_symbols(["saved_command_line"], default="")
+@requires_debug_symbols("saved_command_line", default="")
 @pwndbg.lib.cache.cache_until("start")
 def kcmdline() -> str:
     addr = pwndbg.aglib.symbol.lookup_symbol_addr("saved_command_line")
@@ -164,14 +163,14 @@ def kcmdline() -> str:
 @pwndbg.lib.cache.cache_until("start")
 def kversion() -> str:
     try:
-        if has_debug_symbols(["linux_banner"]):
+        if has_debug_symbols("linux_banner"):
             version_addr = pwndbg.aglib.symbol.lookup_symbol_addr("linux_banner")
             result = pwndbg.aglib.memory.string(version_addr).decode("ascii").strip()
             assert len(result) > 0
             return result
     except Exception:
         pass
-    mapping = get_first_kernel_ro()
+    mapping = first_kernel_ro_page()
     version_addr = next(pwndbg.search.search(b"Linux version", mappings=[mapping]), None)
     return pwndbg.aglib.memory.string(version_addr).decode("ascii").strip()
 
@@ -214,7 +213,7 @@ class ArchOps(ABC):
     # in the page_to_pfn() and pfn_to_page() methods in the future.
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def per_cpu(self, addr: pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value, cpu=None) -> pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value:
+    def per_cpu(self, addr: int | pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value, cpu=None) -> pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value:
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
     @abstractmethod
@@ -325,7 +324,9 @@ class i386Ops(x86Ops):
     def virt_to_phys(self, virt: int) -> int:
         return (virt - self.page_offset) % (1 << 32)
 
-    def per_cpu(self, addr: pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value, cpu: int | None = None) -> pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value:
+    def per_cpu(
+        self, addr: int | pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value, cpu: int | None = None
+    ) -> pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value:
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
     def pfn_to_page(self, pfn: int) -> int:
@@ -343,8 +344,10 @@ class x86_64Ops(x86Ops):
     def ptr_size(self) -> int:
         return 64
 
-    @requires_debug_symbols(["__per_cpu_offset", "nr_iowait_cpu"], checkall=False)
-    def per_cpu(self, addr: pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value, cpu: int | None = None) -> pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value:
+    @requires_debug_symbols("__per_cpu_offset", "nr_iowait_cpu", checkall=False)
+    def per_cpu(
+        self, addr: int | pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value, cpu: int | None = None
+    ) -> pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value:
         if cpu is None:
             cpu = pwndbg.dbg.selected_thread().index() - 1
 
@@ -352,7 +355,9 @@ class x86_64Ops(x86Ops):
 
         offset = pwndbg.aglib.memory.u(per_cpu_offset + (cpu * 8))
         per_cpu_addr = (int(addr) + offset) % 2**64
-        return pwndbg.dbg.selected_inferior().create_value(per_cpu_addr, addr.type)
+        if isinstance(addr, pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value):
+            return pwndbg.dbg.selected_inferior().create_value(per_cpu_addr, addr.type)
+        return pwndbg.dbg.selected_inferior().create_value(per_cpu_addr)
 
     def virt_to_phys(self, virt: int) -> int:
         if virt < self.kbase:
@@ -375,8 +380,10 @@ class Aarch64Ops(ArchOps):
     def ptr_size(self):
         return 64
 
-    @requires_debug_symbols(["__per_cpu_offset", "nr_iowait_cpu"], checkall=False)
-    def per_cpu(self, addr: pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value, cpu: int | None = None) -> pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value:
+    @requires_debug_symbols("__per_cpu_offset", "nr_iowait_cpu", checkall=False)
+    def per_cpu(
+        self, addr: int | pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value, cpu: int | None = None
+    ) -> pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value:
         if cpu is None:
             cpu = pwndbg.dbg.selected_thread().index() - 1
 
@@ -384,7 +391,9 @@ class Aarch64Ops(ArchOps):
 
         offset = pwndbg.aglib.memory.u(per_cpu_offset + (cpu * 8))
         per_cpu_addr = (int(addr) + offset) % 2**64
-        return pwndbg.dbg.selected_inferior().create_value(per_cpu_addr, addr.type)
+        if isinstance(addr, pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value):
+            return pwndbg.dbg.selected_inferior().create_value(per_cpu_addr, addr.type)
+        return pwndbg.dbg.selected_inferior().create_value(per_cpu_addr)
 
     def virt_to_phys(self, virt: int) -> int:
         return virt - self.page_offset
@@ -474,7 +483,7 @@ def page_size() -> int:
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
 
-def per_cpu(addr: pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value, cpu: int | None = None) -> pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value:
+def per_cpu(addr: int | pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value, cpu: int | None = None) -> pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value:
     ops = arch_ops()
     if ops:
         return ops.per_cpu(addr, cpu)
@@ -620,7 +629,7 @@ def paging_enabled() -> bool:
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
 
-@requires_debug_symbols(["node_states"], default=1)
+@requires_debug_symbols("node_states", default=1)
 def num_numa_nodes() -> int:
     """Returns the number of NUMA nodes that are online on the system"""
     kc = kconfig()
diff --git a/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/buddydump.py b/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/buddydump.py
index 54213be46..734f3f009 100644
--- a/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/buddydump.py
+++ b/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/buddydump.py
@@ -15,76 +15,14 @@ import pwndbg.aglib.typeinfo
 MAX_ORDER = 11
 
 
-def get_pcp_struct(pcp_sz) -> str:
-    kconfig = pwndbg.aglib.kernel.kconfig()
-    defs = []
-    if not pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() < (5, 14):
-        if pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() < (6, 7):
-            defs.append("BETWEEN_V5_14_AND_V6_6")
-    else:
-        defs.append("BEFORE_V5_14")
-    if not pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() < (6, 0):
-        defs.append("SINCE_V6_0")
-    if not pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() < (6, 7):
-        defs.append("SINCE_V6_7")
-    for config in (
-        "CONFIG_NUMA",
-        "CONFIG_SMP",
-    ):
-        if config in kconfig:
-            defs.append(config)
-    result = "\n".join(f"#define {s}" for s in defs)
-    result += f"""
-    struct per_cpu_pages {{
-#ifdef SINCE_V6_0
-        spinlock_t lock;/* Protects lists field, MOST OF THE TIME IT IS 4 BYTES */
-#endif
-        int count;		/* number of pages in the list */
-        int high;		/* high watermark, emptying needed */
-#ifdef SINCE_V6_7
-        int high_min;		/* min high watermark */
-        int high_max;		/* max high watermark */
-#endif
-        int batch;		/* chunk size for buddy add/remove */
-#ifdef SINCE_V6_7
-        u8 flags;		/* protected by pcp->lock */
-        u8 alloc_factor;	/* batch scaling factor during allocate */
-#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
-        u8 expire;		/* When 0, remote pagesets are drained */
-#endif
-        short free_count;	/* consecutive free count */
-#endif
-#ifdef BETWEEN_V5_14_AND_V6_6
-        short free_factor;	/* batch scaling factor during free */
-#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
-        short expire;		/* When 0, remote pagesets are drained */
-#endif
-#else
-
-#endif
-        /* Lists of pages, one per migrate type stored on the pcp-lists */
-        struct list_head lists[{pwndbg.aglib.kernel.symbol.npcplist()}]; // constant is sufficient for now
-    }};
-#ifdef BEFORE_V5_14
-    struct per_cpu_pageset {{
-        union {{
-            struct per_cpu_pages pcp;
-            char _pad[{pcp_sz}];
-        }};
-    }};
-#endif
-    """
-    return result
-
-
 def find_zone_offsets() -> Tuple[int, int, int, int, int]:
-    pcp_off, name_off, freelist_off, pcp_sz, zone_sz = None, None, None, None, None
-    start_idx = 10
+    pcp_off, name_off, freelist_off, pcp_pad, zone_sz = None, None, None, None, None
     node_data0 = pwndbg.aglib.kernel.node_data()
     if "CONFIG_NUMA" in pwndbg.aglib.kernel.kconfig():
         node_data0 = node_data0.dereference()
-    ptr = int(node_data0) + start_idx * 8
-    for i in range(start_idx, 20):  # the pcp offset should exist in those range
+    node_data0 = int(node_data0)
+    ptr = node_data0
+    for i in range(20):  # the pcp offset should exist in those range
         val = pwndbg.aglib.memory.u64(ptr)
         ptr += 8
         if pwndbg.aglib.memory.is_kernel(val):
@@ -92,25 +30,13 @@ def find_zone_offsets() -> Tuple[int, int, int, int, int]:
             pcp_off = (i + 1) * 8
             break
     assert pcp_off, "can't find pcp offset"
-    if pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() < (5, 14):
-        pcp_ptr = pwndbg.aglib.kernel.per_cpu(
-            pwndbg.aglib.memory.get_typed_pointer("struct page", pwndbg.aglib.memory.u64(ptr))
-        )
-        first_pcp_ptr, second_pcp_ptr = None, None
-        prev = 0
-        for i in range(30):
-            addr = int(pcp_ptr) + i * 8
-            cur = pwndbg.aglib.memory.u64(addr)
-            if prev >> 56 == 0 and cur >> 56 == 0xFF:
-                if not first_pcp_ptr:
-                    first_pcp_ptr = addr
-                else:
-                    second_pcp_ptr = addr
-                    break
-            prev = cur
-        assert first_pcp_ptr and second_pcp_ptr, "can't determine pcp ptrs"
-        pcp_sz = second_pcp_ptr - first_pcp_ptr
-        assert 0 < pcp_sz < 0x100, "can't determine pcp_sz"
+    pcp_ptr = int(pwndbg.aglib.kernel.per_cpu(pwndbg.aglib.memory.u64(node_data0 + pcp_off)))
+    for i in range(6):
+        val = pwndbg.aglib.memory.u64(pcp_ptr + i * 8)
+        if pwndbg.aglib.memory.is_kernel(val):
+            pcp_pad = i * 8
+            break
+    assert pcp_pad, "can't find pcp pad"
     for i in range(20):
         char_ptr = pwndbg.aglib.memory.u64(ptr)
         ptr += 8
@@ -126,8 +52,7 @@ def find_zone_offsets() -> Tuple[int, int, int, int, int]:
     for i in range(1, 20):
         cur = pwndbg.aglib.memory.u64(ptr)
         ptr += 8
-        # prev is the write cache padding followed by the freelist
-        if prev == 0 and pwndbg.aglib.memory.is_kernel(cur):
+        if not pwndbg.aglib.memory.is_kernel(prev) and pwndbg.aglib.memory.is_kernel(cur):
             freelist_off = (i + 1) * 8 + name_off
             break
         prev = cur
@@ -141,12 +66,12 @@ def find_zone_offsets() -> Tuple[int, int, int, int, int]:
         ptr += 8
         if pwndbg.aglib.memory.is_kernel(val):
             # we have found `zone_pgdat`
-            zone_sz = ptr - pcp_off - int(node_data0)
+            zone_sz = ptr - pcp_off - node_data0
             break
     assert (
         zone_sz and zone_sz < 0x4000 and zone_sz & 0xF == 0
     ), f"can't determine sizeof(struct zone) = {zone_sz}"  # just to make sure it is sane
-    return pcp_off, name_off, freelist_off, pcp_sz, zone_sz
+    return pcp_off, name_off, freelist_off, pcp_pad, zone_sz
 
 
 def load_buddydump_typeinfo():
@@ -154,53 +79,57 @@ def load_buddydump_typeinfo():
         return
     nmtypes = pwndbg.aglib.kernel.symbol.nmtypes()
     nzones = pwndbg.aglib.kernel.symbol.nzones()
-    if not nmtypes or not nzones:
-        return
+    nnodes = pwndbg.aglib.kernel.num_numa_nodes()
+    npcplist = pwndbg.aglib.kernel.symbol.npcplist()
     pwndbg.aglib.kernel.symbol.load_common_structs()
 
-    pglist_data = f"""
-    typedef struct pglist_data {{
-        struct zone node_zones[{nzones}];
-        // ... the rest of the fields are not important
-        // but make the struct dynamic
-        char _pad[];
-    }} pg_data_t;
-    """
-    pcp_off, name_off, freearea_off, pcp_sz, zone_sz = find_zone_offsets()
-    per_cpu_pages = get_pcp_struct(pcp_sz)
-    zone = ""
-    if pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() < (5, 14):
-        zone = "#define BEFORE_V5_14\n"
+    result = f"#define KVERSION {pwndbg.aglib.kernel.symbol.kversion_cint()}\n"
+    result += pwndbg.aglib.kernel.symbol.COMMON_TYPES
+    pcp_off, name_off, freearea_off, pcp_pad, zone_sz = find_zone_offsets()
     if "CONFIG_NUMA" in pwndbg.aglib.kernel.kconfig():
-        zone += "#define CONFIG_NUMA\n"
-    zone += f"""
+        result += "#define CONFIG_NUMA\n"
+    result += f"""
+    struct free_area {{
+        struct list_head	free_list[{nmtypes}];
+        unsigned long		nr_free;
+    }};
+    """
+    result += f"""
+    struct per_cpu_pages {{
+        char _pad[{pcp_pad}];
+        /* Lists of pages, one per migrate type stored on the pcp-lists */
+        struct list_head lists[{npcplist}]; // constant is sufficient for now
+    }};
+#if KVERSION < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 14, 0)
+    struct per_cpu_pageset {{
+        struct per_cpu_pages pcp;
+    }};
+#endif
+/* custom type for page list data */
 #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
-    typedef struct pglist_data *node_data_t[1]; // just support 1 node for now, the most common case
+    typedef struct pglist_data *node_data_t[{nnodes}];
 #else
     typedef struct pglist_data node_data_t;
 #endif
     struct zone {{
-        char _pad1[{hex(pcp_off)}];
-#ifdef BEFORE_V5_14
+        char _pad1[{pcp_off}];
+#if KVERSION < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 14, 0)
         struct per_cpu_pageset *pageset;
 #else
         struct per_cpu_pages *per_cpu_pageset;
 #endif
-        char _pad2[{hex(name_off - pcp_off - 8)}];
+        char _pad2[{name_off - pcp_off - 8}];
         char* name;
-        char _pad3[{hex(freearea_off - name_off - 8)}];
+        char _pad3[{freearea_off - name_off - 8}];
         struct free_area free_area[{MAX_ORDER}]; // just defaults to 11 is sufficient here
-        char _pad[{hex(zone_sz - freearea_off - (MAX_ORDER * (nmtypes * 0x10 + 8)))}];
+        char _pad[{zone_sz - freearea_off - (MAX_ORDER * (nmtypes * 0x10 + 8))}];
     }};
     """
-    free_area = f"""
-    struct free_area {{
-        struct list_head	free_list[{nmtypes}];
-        unsigned long		nr_free;
-    }};
+    result += f"""
+    typedef struct pglist_data {{
+        struct zone node_zones[{nzones}];
+        // ... the rest of the fields are not important
+    }} pg_data_t;
     """
-    result = (
-        pwndbg.aglib.kernel.symbol.COMMON_TYPES + free_area + zone + per_cpu_pages + pglist_data
-    )
     header_file_path = pwndbg.commands.cymbol.create_temp_header_file(result)
     pwndbg.commands.cymbol.add_structure_from_header(header_file_path, "buddydump_structs", True)
diff --git a/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/kallsyms.py b/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/kallsyms.py
index 0c9bee867..073a353a5 100644
--- a/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/kallsyms.py
+++ b/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/kallsyms.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class Kallsyms:
         self.kallsyms: Dict[str, Tuple[int, str]] = {}
         self.kbase = pwndbg.aglib.kernel.kbase()
 
-        mapping = pwndbg.aglib.kernel.get_first_kernel_ro()
+        mapping = pwndbg.aglib.kernel.first_kernel_ro_page()
         assert mapping is not None, "kernel memory mappings are missing"
 
         self.r_base = mapping.vaddr
diff --git a/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/paging.py b/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/paging.py
index f522cf3f8..36da3ae22 100644
--- a/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/paging.py
+++ b/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/paging.py
@@ -22,9 +22,8 @@ def get_memory_map_raw() -> Tuple[pwndbg.lib.memory.Page, ...]:
     return pwndbg.aglib.kernel.vmmap.kernel_vmmap(False)
 
 
-def guess_physmap():
-    # this is mostly true
-    # https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/x86/x86_64/mm.txt
+@pwndbg.lib.cache.cache_until("stop")
+def first_kernel_page_start():
     for page in get_memory_map_raw():
         if page.start and pwndbg.aglib.memory.is_kernel(page.start):
             return page.start
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ class ArchPagingInfo:
     pagetableptr_cache: Dict[int, pwndbg.dbg_mod.Value] = {}
 
     @property
-    @pwndbg.lib.cache.cache_until("start")
+    @pwndbg.lib.cache.cache_until("objfile")
     def STRUCT_PAGE_SIZE(self):
         a = pwndbg.aglib.typeinfo.load("struct page")
         if a is None:
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ class ArchPagingInfo:
         return a.sizeof
 
     @property
-    @pwndbg.lib.cache.cache_until("start")
+    @pwndbg.lib.cache.cache_until("objfile")
     def STRUCT_PAGE_SHIFT(self):
         # needs to be rounded up (consider the layout of vmemmap)
         return math.ceil(math.log2(self.STRUCT_PAGE_SIZE))
@@ -156,6 +155,7 @@ class ArchPagingInfo:
 
 
 class x86_64PagingInfo(ArchPagingInfo):
+    # constants are taken from https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/x86/x86_64/mm.txt
     def __init__(self):
         self.va_bits = 48 if self.paging_level == 4 else 51
         # https://blog.zolutal.io/understanding-paging/
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ class x86_64PagingInfo(ArchPagingInfo):
         result = None
         try:
             target = self.physmap.to_bytes(8, byteorder="little")
-            mapping = pwndbg.aglib.kernel.get_first_kernel_ro()
+            mapping = pwndbg.aglib.kernel.first_kernel_ro_page()
             result = next(pwndbg.search.search(target, mappings=[mapping]), None)
         except Exception as e:
             print(e)
@@ -197,13 +197,14 @@ class x86_64PagingInfo(ArchPagingInfo):
     @property
     @pwndbg.lib.cache.cache_until("stop")
     def physmap(self):
-        pob = pwndbg.aglib.symbol.lookup_symbol_addr("page_offset_base")
-        result = None
-        if pob is not None:
-            if pwndbg.aglib.memory.peek(pob):
-                result = pwndbg.aglib.memory.u64(pob)
+        result = pwndbg.aglib.kernel.symbol.try_usymbol("page_offset_base")
         if result is None:
-            return guess_physmap()
+            result = INVALID_ADDR
+            min = 0xFFFF888000000000 if self.paging_level == 4 else 0xFF11000000000000
+            for page in get_memory_map_raw():
+                if page.start and page.start >= min:
+                    result = page.start
+                    break
         return result
 
     @property
@@ -240,28 +241,12 @@ class x86_64PagingInfo(ArchPagingInfo):
         return 0xFFD4000000000000 if self.paging_level == 5 else 0xFFFFEA0000000000
 
     @property
+    @pwndbg.lib.cache.cache_until("stop")
     def paging_level(self) -> int:
-        if pwndbg.aglib.kernel.has_debug_info():
-            # https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.2/source/arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h#L381
-            X86_FEATURE_LA57 = 16 * 32 + 16
-            feature = X86_FEATURE_LA57
-            # Separate to avoid using kconfig if possible
-            boot_cpu_data = pwndbg.aglib.symbol.lookup_symbol("boot_cpu_data")
-            assert boot_cpu_data is not None, "Symbol boot_cpu_data not exists"
-            boot_cpu_data = boot_cpu_data.dereference()
-
-            capabilities = boot_cpu_data["x86_capability"]
-            cpu_feature_capability = (int(capabilities[feature // 32]) >> (feature % 32)) & 1 == 1
-            if not cpu_feature_capability or "no5lvl" in pwndbg.aglib.kernel.kcmdline():
-                return 4
-            return 5
         # CONFIG_X86_5LEVEL is only a hint -- whether 5lvl paging is used depends on the hardware
         # see also: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/next/x86/x86_64/mm.html
-        pages = get_memory_map_raw()
-        for page in pages:
-            if pwndbg.aglib.memory.is_kernel(page.start):
-                if page.start < (0xFFF << (4 * 13)):
-                    return 5
+        if first_kernel_page_start() < (0xFFF << (4 * 13)):
+            return 5
         return 4
 
     @pwndbg.lib.cache.cache_until("stop")
@@ -382,9 +367,9 @@ class Aarch64PagingInfo(ArchPagingInfo):
     def physmap(self):
         # addr = pwndbg.aglib.symbol.lookup_symbol_addr("memstart_addr")
         # if addr is None:
-        #     return guess_physmap()
+        #     return first_kernel_page_start()
         # return pwndbg.aglib.memory.u(addr)
-        return guess_physmap()
+        return first_kernel_page_start()
 
     @property
     @pwndbg.lib.cache.cache_until("stop")
@@ -501,7 +486,7 @@ class Aarch64PagingInfo(ArchPagingInfo):
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
     @property
-    @pwndbg.lib.cache.cache_until("stop")
+    @pwndbg.lib.cache.cache_until("forever")
     def paging_level(self):
         # https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.3/arm64/memory.html
         if self.page_shift == 16:
diff --git a/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/slab.py b/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/slab.py
index 3e0dcf3cf..014d4ae9e 100644
--- a/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/slab.py
+++ b/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/slab.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 from typing import Generator
 from typing import List
 from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
 
 import pwndbg
 import pwndbg.aglib.kernel.symbol
@@ -453,7 +454,22 @@ def find_containing_slab_cache(addr: int) -> SlabCache | None:
 #########################################
 
 
-def kmem_cache_pad_sz(kconfig) -> int:
+def kmem_cache_node_pad_sz(val):
+    for j in range(8):
+        nr_partial = pwndbg.aglib.memory.u32(val)
+        next = pwndbg.aglib.memory.u64(val + 0x8)
+        prev = pwndbg.aglib.memory.u64(val + 0x10)
+        val += 0x8
+        if (
+            nr_partial < 0x20
+            and pwndbg.aglib.memory.is_kernel(next)
+            and pwndbg.aglib.memory.is_kernel(prev)
+        ):
+            return j * 8
+    return None
+
+
+def kmem_cache_pad_sz(kconfig) -> Tuple[int, int]:
     # find the distance between the first kmem_cache's name and its first node cache
     # the name for the first kmem_cache (most likely) has the name "kmem_cache"
     # and the global var is also named "kmem_cache"
@@ -461,27 +477,56 @@ def kmem_cache_pad_sz(kconfig) -> int:
     name_off = None
     slab_caches = pwndbg.aglib.kernel.slab_caches()
     assert slab_caches, "can't find slab_caches"
-    kmem_cache = int(slab_caches["prev"]) & ~0xFFF
+    kmem_cache = int(slab_caches["prev"]) & ~0xFF
     for i in range(0x20):
         val = pwndbg.aglib.memory.u64(kmem_cache + i * 8)
         if pwndbg.aglib.memory.string(val) == name.encode():
             name_off = i * 8
             break
     assert name_off, "can't determine kmem_cache name offset"
-    distance = None
+    if pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() >= (6, 2) and all(
+        config not in kconfig
+        for config in (
+            "CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY",
+            "CONFIG_KASAN",
+        )
+    ):
+        if all(
+            config not in kconfig
+            for config in (
+                "CONFIG_SYSFS",
+                "CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_HARDENED",
+                "CONFIG_NUMA",
+            )
+        ):
+            node_cache_pad = kmem_cache_node_pad_sz(
+                kmem_cache + name_off + 0x8 * 3
+            )  # name ptr + 2 list ptrs
+            assert node_cache_pad, "can't determine kmem cache node padding size"
+            distance = 8 if "CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM" in kconfig else 0
+            return distance, node_cache_pad
+        elif "CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM" in kconfig:
+            for i in range(3, 0x20):
+                ptr = kmem_cache + name_off + i * 8
+                val = pwndbg.aglib.memory.u64(ptr)
+                if pwndbg.aglib.memory.is_kernel(val):
+                    distance = (i + 1) * 8
+                    node_cache_pad = kmem_cache_node_pad_sz(kmem_cache + name_off + distance)
+                    assert node_cache_pad, "can't determine kmem cache node padding size"
+                    return distance, node_cache_pad
+    distance, node_cache_pad = None, None
     for i in range(3, 0x20):
-        val = pwndbg.aglib.memory.u64(kmem_cache + i * 8 + name_off)
-        if pwndbg.aglib.memory.peek(val):
-            nr_partial = pwndbg.aglib.memory.u64(val + 0x8)
-            next = pwndbg.aglib.memory.u64(val + 0x10)
-            prev = pwndbg.aglib.memory.u64(val + 0x18)
-            if (
-                nr_partial < 0x20
-                and pwndbg.aglib.memory.is_kernel(next)
-                and pwndbg.aglib.memory.is_kernel(prev)
-            ):
-                distance = i * 8
-                break
+        ptr = kmem_cache + name_off + i * 8
+        val = pwndbg.aglib.memory.u64(ptr - 8)
+        if pwndbg.aglib.memory.peek(val) is not None:
+            continue
+        val = pwndbg.aglib.memory.u64(ptr)
+        if pwndbg.aglib.memory.peek(val) is None:
+            continue
+        node_cache_pad = kmem_cache_node_pad_sz(val)
+        if node_cache_pad is not None:
+            distance = i * 8
+            break
     assert distance, "can't find kmem_cache node"
     distance -= 0x18  # the name ptr + list_head
     configs = (
@@ -499,25 +544,32 @@ def kmem_cache_pad_sz(kconfig) -> int:
     if "CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY" in kconfig or pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() < (6, 2):
         distance -= 8
     assert distance < 0x1000, "cannot find kmem_cache padding size"
-    return distance
+    return distance, node_cache_pad
 
 
-def kmem_cache_structs():
-    to_define = None
-    if pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() < (5, 17):
-        to_define = "BEFORE_V5_17"
-    elif pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() < (6, 2):
-        to_define = "BETWEEN_V5_17_AND_V6_1"
-    else:
-        to_define = "SINCE_V6_2"
-    result = f"#define {to_define}\n"
+def kmem_cache_structs(node_cache_pad):
+    result = f"#define KVERSION {pwndbg.aglib.kernel.symbol.kversion_cint()}\n"
     if "CONFIG_SLUB_CPU_PARTIAL" in pwndbg.aglib.kernel.kconfig():
         result += "#define CONFIG_SLUB_CPU_PARTIAL\n"
-    result += """
-    struct kmem_cache_node {
-        spinlock_t list_lock;
+    result += f"""
+    struct kmem_cache_node {{
+        char _pad[{node_cache_pad}];
         unsigned long nr_partial;
         struct list_head partial;
+    }};
+    """
+    result += """
+    struct kasan_cache {
+#if !((KERNEL_VERSION(6, 1, 0) <= KVERSION && KVERSION < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 3, 0)))
+        int alloc_meta_offset;
+        int free_meta_offset;
+#elif defined(CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC)
+        int alloc_meta_offset;
+        int free_meta_offset;
+#endif
+#if KERNEL_VERSION(5, 12, 0) <= KVERSION && KVERSION < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 3, 0)
+        bool is_kmalloc;
+#endif
     };
     struct kmem_cache_order_objects {
         unsigned int x;
@@ -528,10 +580,10 @@ def kmem_cache_structs():
     };
     typedef unsigned int gfp_t;
     typedef unsigned int slab_flags_t;
-#ifndef BEFORE_V5_17
+#if KVERSION >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0)
     struct slab {
         unsigned long __page_flags;
-#ifdef SINCE_V6_2
+#if KVERSION >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 2, 0)
         struct kmem_cache *slab_cache;
 #endif
         union {
@@ -543,7 +595,7 @@ def kmem_cache_structs():
             };
 #endif
         };
-#ifdef BETWEEN_V5_17_AND_V6_1
+#if KVERSION < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 2, 0)
         struct kmem_cache *slab_cache;
 #endif
         void *freelist;		/* first free object */
@@ -582,16 +634,6 @@ def load_slab_typeinfo():
     pwndbg.aglib.kernel.symbol.load_common_structs()
     kconfig = pwndbg.aglib.kernel.kconfig()
     defs = []
-    if pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() < (6, 2):
-        defs.append("BEFORE_V6_2")
-    if pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() >= (6, 3):
-        defs.append("SINCE_V6_3")
-    if pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() < (5, 19):
-        defs.append("BEFORE_V5_19")
-    if pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() >= (5, 16):
-        defs.append("SINCE_V5_16")
-    if pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() >= (5, 9):
-        defs.append("SINCE_V5_9")
     configs = (
         "CONFIG_SLUB_TINY",
         "CONFIG_SLUB_CPU_PARTIAL",
@@ -605,14 +647,15 @@ def load_slab_typeinfo():
     for config in configs:
         if config in kconfig:
             defs.append(config)
-    sz = kmem_cache_pad_sz(kconfig)
-    result = "\n".join(f"#define {s}" for s in defs)
+    sz, node_cache_pad = kmem_cache_pad_sz(kconfig)
+    result = f"#define KVERSION {pwndbg.aglib.kernel.symbol.kversion_cint()}\n"
+    result += "\n".join(f"#define {s}" for s in defs)
     result += pwndbg.aglib.kernel.symbol.COMMON_TYPES
-    result += kmem_cache_structs()
+    result += kmem_cache_structs(node_cache_pad)
     # this is the kmem_cache SLUB representation for all 5.x and 6.x
     result += f"""
     struct kmem_cache {{
-#if !defined(CONFIG_SLUB_TINY) || defined(BEFORE_V6_2)
+#if !defined(CONFIG_SLUB_TINY) || KVERSION < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 2, 0)
         struct kmem_cache_cpu *cpu_slab;
 #endif
         /* Used for retrieving partial slabs, etc. */
@@ -620,14 +663,14 @@ def load_slab_typeinfo():
         unsigned long min_partial;
         unsigned int size;		/* Object size including metadata */
         unsigned int object_size;	/* Object size without metadata */
-#if defined(SINCE_V5_9)
+#if KVERSION >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 9, 0)
         struct reciprocal_value reciprocal_size;
 #endif
         unsigned int offset;		/* Free pointer offset */
 #ifdef CONFIG_SLUB_CPU_PARTIAL
         /* Number of per cpu partial objects to keep around */
         unsigned int cpu_partial;
-#ifdef SINCE_V5_16
+#if KVERSION >= KERNEL_VERSION(5, 16, 0)
         /* Number of per cpu partial slabs to keep around */
         unsigned int cpu_partial_{slab_struct_type()}s;
 #endif
@@ -635,7 +678,7 @@ def load_slab_typeinfo():
         struct kmem_cache_order_objects oo;
         /* Allocation and freeing of slabs */
         struct kmem_cache_order_objects min;
-#ifdef BEFORE_V5_19
+#if KVERSION < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 19, 0)
         struct kmem_cache_order_objects max;
 #endif
         gfp_t allocflags;		/* gfp flags to use on each alloc */
@@ -657,10 +700,10 @@ def load_slab_typeinfo():
 #ifdef CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_RANDOM
         unsigned int *random_seq;
 #endif
-#if (defined(SINCE_V6_3) && defined(CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC) || (!defined(SINCE_V6_3) && defined(CONFIG_KASAN)))
-        char _pad2[8]; // the kasan_cache struct includes only 2 int's
+#if (KVERSION >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 3, 0) && defined(CONFIG_KASAN_GENERIC) || (KVERSION < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 3, 0) && defined(CONFIG_KASAN)))
+        struct kasan_cache kasan_info;
 #endif
-#if defined(BEFORE_V6_2) || defined(CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY)
+#if KVERSION < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 2, 0) || defined(CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY)
         unsigned int useroffset;	/* Usercopy region offset */
         unsigned int usersize;		/* Usercopy region size */
 #endif
diff --git a/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/symbol.py b/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/symbol.py
index 7aabbfc29..e40715fd3 100644
--- a/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/symbol.py
+++ b/pwndbg/aglib/kernel/symbol.py
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ def try_usymbol(name: str, size=pwndbg.aglib.kernel.ptr_size) -> int:
         return None
 
 
-@pwndbg.aglib.kernel.requires_debug_symbols(["zone_names"], default=4)
+@pwndbg.aglib.kernel.requires_debug_symbols("zone_names", default=4)
 def nzones() -> int:
     _zone_names = pwndbg.aglib.symbol.lookup_symbol_addr("zone_names")
     for i in range(len(POSSIBLE_ZONE_NAMES) + 1):
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def nmtypes() -> int:
 def npcplist() -> int:
     """returns NR_PCP_LISTS (https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.13/source/include/linux/mmzone.h#L671)"""
     if (
-        not pwndbg.aglib.kernel.has_debug_symbols(["node_zones"])
+        not pwndbg.aglib.kernel.has_debug_symbols("node_zones")
         or not pwndbg.aglib.kernel.has_debug_info()
     ):
         if pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() < (5, 14):
@@ -99,29 +99,38 @@ def npcplist() -> int:
     return 0
 
 
+def kversion_cint(kversion=None):
+    if kversion is None:
+        kversion = pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease()
+        x, y, z = kversion
+    return ((x) * 65536) + ((y) * 256) + (z)
+
+
 #########################################
 # common structurs
 #
 #########################################
 COMMON_TYPES = """
 #include <stdint.h>
+#include <linux/version.h>
 typedef unsigned char u8;
 typedef char s8;
 typedef unsigned short u16;
 typedef unsigned int u32;
-typedef unsigned int spinlock_t;
+typedef long long s64;
+#define bool int
 #if UINTPTR_MAX == 0xffffffff
     typedef int16_t arch_word_t;
 #else
     typedef int32_t arch_word_t;
 #endif
+typedef struct {
+    int counter;
+} atomic_t;
 
 struct list_head {
     struct list_head *next, *prev;
 };
-typedef struct {
-	int counter;
-} atomic_t;
 struct kmem_cache;
 enum pageflags {
 	PG_locked,		/* Page is locked. Don't touch. */
@@ -145,6 +154,7 @@ enum pageflags {
 	PG_unevictable,		/* Page is "unevictable"  */
 	PG_dropbehind,		/* drop pages on IO completion */
 };
+
 """
 
 
@@ -154,21 +164,14 @@ def load_common_structs():
     if pwndbg.aglib.typeinfo.lookup_types("struct page") is not None:
         return
     defs = []
-    if pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() < (5, 17):
-        defs.append("BEFORE_V5_17")
-    if pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() < (5, 16):
-        defs.append("BEFORE_V5_16")
-    if pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() < (6, 7):
-        defs.append("BEFORE_V6_7")
-    if pwndbg.aglib.kernel.krelease() >= (6, 1):
-        defs.append("SINCE_V6_1")
     for config in (
         "CONFIG_MEMCG",
         "CONFIG_KASAN",
     ):
         if config in pwndbg.aglib.kernel.kconfig():
             defs.append(config)
-    result = "\n".join(f"#define {s}" for s in defs)
+    result = f"#define KVERSION {kversion_cint()}\n"
+    result += "\n".join(f"#define {s}" for s in defs)
     result += COMMON_TYPES
     result += """
     struct page { // just a simplied page struct with relavent fields
@@ -188,14 +191,14 @@ def load_common_structs():
                     };
                 };
             };
-#ifdef BEFORE_V5_17
+#if KVERSION < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 17, 0)
             struct {	/* slab, slob and slub */
                 union {
                     struct list_head slab_list;
                     struct {	/* Partial pages */
                         struct page *next;
                         arch_word_t pages;	/* Nr of pages left */
-#ifdef BEFORE_V5_16
+#if KVERSION < KERNEL_VERSION(5, 16, 0)
                         arch_word_t pobjects;	/* Approximate count */
 #endif
                     };
@@ -227,17 +230,17 @@ def load_common_structs():
 #if defined(WANT_PAGE_VIRTUAL) /* never set for x86 and arm */
         void *virtual;
 #endif /* WANT_PAGE_VIRTUAL */
-#ifdef LAST_CPUPID_NOT_IN_PAGE_FLAGS
-#ifndef BEFORE_V6_7 /* TODO: seems never got set for all the kernel builds I have worked with */
+#ifdef LAST_CPUPID_NOT_IN_PAGE_FLAGS /* TODO: seems never got set for all the kernel builds I have worked with */
+#if KVERSION >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 7, 0)
         int _last_cpupid;
 #endif
 #endif
-#if defined(CONFIG_KASAN) && defined(SINCE_V6_1)
+#if defined(CONFIG_KASAN) && KVERSION >= KERNEL_VERSION(6, 1, 0)
         struct page *kmsan_shadow;
         struct page *kmsan_origin;
 #endif
 #ifdef LAST_CPUPID_NOT_IN_PAGE_FLAGS
-#ifdef BEFORE_V6_7
+#if KVERSION < KERNEL_VERSION(6, 7, 0)
         int _last_cpupid;
 #endif
 #endif
@@ -329,6 +332,15 @@ class x86_64Symbols(ArchSymbols):
             return int(result.group(1), 16)
         return None
 
+    def qword_mov_reg_ripoff(self, disass):
+        result = self.regex(
+            "".join(disass.splitlines()),
+            r".*?\bmov.*\[rip\s\+\s(0x[0-9a-f]+)\].*?(0x[0-9a-f]{16})\s\<",
+        )
+        if result is not None:
+            return int(result.group(1), 16) + int(result.group(2), 16)
+        return None
+
     def _node_data(self):
         disass = self.disass("first_online_pgdat")
         result = self.dword_mov_reg_memoff(disass)
@@ -345,7 +357,10 @@ class x86_64Symbols(ArchSymbols):
         result = self.dword_add_reg_memoff(disass)
         if result is not None:
             return result
-        return self.qword_mov_reg_const(disass)
+        result = self.qword_mov_reg_const(disass)
+        if result is not None:
+            return result
+        return self.qword_mov_reg_ripoff(disass)
 
 
 class Aarch64Symbols(ArchSymbols):
diff --git a/pwndbg/commands/buddydump.py b/pwndbg/commands/buddydump.py
index 1a74f6c52..51ca60f8b 100644
--- a/pwndbg/commands/buddydump.py
+++ b/pwndbg/commands/buddydump.py
@@ -225,14 +225,10 @@ def print_pcp_set(pba: ParsedBuddyArgs, cbp: CurrentBuddyParams):
     if cbp.zone.type.has_field("per_cpu_pageset"):
         pcp = per_cpu(cbp.zone["per_cpu_pageset"], pba.cpu)
         pcp_lists = pcp["lists"]
-        cbp.sections[1] = (
-            "per_cpu_pageset",
-            f"number of pages {cbp.indent.aux_hex(int(pcp['count']))}",
-        )
     elif cbp.zone.type.has_field("pageset"):
         pcp = per_cpu(cbp.zone["pageset"], pba.cpu)
         pcp_lists = pcp["pcp"]["lists"]
-        cbp.sections[1] = ("per_cpu_pageset", None)
+    cbp.sections[1] = ("per_cpu_pageset", None)
     if pcp is None or pcp_lists is None:
         log.warning("cannot find pcplist")
         return
diff --git a/pwndbg/lib/kernel/kconfig.py b/pwndbg/lib/kernel/kconfig.py
index d998c7ca9..a50a36fe3 100644
--- a/pwndbg/lib/kernel/kconfig.py
+++ b/pwndbg/lib/kernel/kconfig.py
@@ -60,6 +60,8 @@ class Kconfig(UserDict):  # type: ignore[type-arg]
             self.data["CONFIG_MEMORY_ISOLATION"] = "y"
         if self.CONFIG_KASAN:
             self.data["CONFIG_KASAN"] = "y"
+        if self.CONFIG_SYSFS:
+            self.data["CONFIG_SYSFS"] = "y"
 
     def get_key(self, name: str) -> str | None:
         # First attempt to lookup the value assuming the user passed in a name
@@ -161,6 +163,10 @@ class Kconfig(UserDict):  # type: ignore[type-arg]
     def CONFIG_MEMORY_ISOLATION(self) -> bool:
         return pwndbg.aglib.symbol.lookup_symbol("start_isolate_page_range") is not None
 
+    @property
+    def CONFIG_SYSFS(self) -> bool:
+        return pwndbg.aglib.symbol.lookup_symbol("sysfs_kf_seq_show") is not None
+
     def update_with_file(self, file_path):
         for line in open(file_path, "r").read().splitlines():
             split = line.split("=")